Analyzing the spatial equity of urban parks’social service functioning quantitatively: A case study for the central area of Shanghai
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摘要: 城市公园是城市绿色基础设施的重要组成部分,具有提供休闲娱乐场所、改善居民身心健康等多种社会服务功能.然而,公园服务功能的发挥与其空间格局紧密相关,不合理的“公园—居住区”的空间布局会导致居民在享有公园服务方面的不公平现象.本文为探讨居民享有的城市公园服务与空间格局的关系,引入“空间公平性”的概念,以优化的可达性模型为基础,基于GIS建立了一套公平性评价的定量化方法,提出公园服务效力和居民享有公园的公平性两个指数,并对上海市中心城区在居住区和行政区两个尺度上做了实证研究.研究结果表明:①两个指数能较好地表征城市公园的空间分布和居民享受社会服务的公平性程度;②两个指数计算结果的离散程度比自身的绝对值更有价值,可以横向比较区域内部的公平性差异程度;③本方法突破传统指标只能在区域尺度上统计平均水平的局限,能够体现出小尺度上的空间差异,为规划设计提供明确的空间导向和决策支持.Abstract: Urban park is an important part of urban green infrastructure. From the perspective of human use, the primary function of urban parks is to provide leisure and entertainment opportunity and improve people's physical and mental health and other social services. To evaluate how well the function of social services is often related to the study of spatial equity. For analyzing the spatial equity of urban parks’ social service functioning in-depth and in-width, a new study frame optimization of accessibility models of assessing the spatial equity quantitatively is established. In this paper, the park service capability index and the spatial service equity index are set up and used in a case study of the central area of Shanghai at both the housing level and the district level. The results reveal that ① the two indexes in this study are effective to appraise the structure of urban parks and the equity of residents, and the quantitative method is feasible; ② the deviation coefficient of two indexes is more valuable than its absolute value for comparing the difference of equity between districts; ③ the method in this paper break through the limitations that traditional indicators just obtain mean level and can reflect the spatial difference on a small scale, providing clear guidance for planning and decision-making.
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Key words:
- social service function /
- spatial equity /
- quantitative analysis /
- GIS /
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表 1 可达性模型的归纳评述
Tab. 1 Review of accessibility model
可达性模型 具体方法 优缺点 缓冲区类 设定一定的距离半径,计算服务设施要素在此距离半径内某种要素(居住区、人口)的数量、面积等. 1、得到区域水平的统计结果;
2、 服务设施的服务半径通常是人为设定,不客观;
3、服务设施之间,其服务半径会有差异,统一而定与实际情况不符.成本耗费类 计算服务设施到区域中某一空间点所耗费的时间或距离成本,通常用直线距离、曼哈顿距离或最短路网距离表示. 1、得到个体水平的可达性评价;
2、只考虑到达的阻力成本这一影响因素,未考虑服务设施的吸引力差异对可达性的影响.相互作用类 基于引力场假说,认为服务设施和服务对象之间存在一种吸引力,该吸引力与服务设施的服务能力与服务对象的属性(人口,收入)都有关,可达性程度是双方相互作用的结果,如Huff模型、引力模型、两步移动搜寻模型等. 1、考虑服务设施与服务对象的供需能力对可达性的影响,较符合实际;
2、计算结果只能分析出相对差异,无标准值进行统一分级,无法用于研究区域之间的比较.表 2 上海市城市公园不同类型和星级的服务能力权重赋值
Tab. 2 Weighted value of park type and park level in Shanghai
公园类型 权重q1 公园星级 权重q2 综合公园 0.565 1 五星级 0.510 0 城市开放式公园 0.269 6 四星级 0.263 8 专类公园 0.126 0 三星级 0.129 6 社区公园 0.039 3 二星级 0.063 6 非星级 0.032 9 表 3 上海市中心城区居住区水平的公平性指数统计结果
Tab. 3 Classification of spatial equity index in housing level in the central area of Shanghai
公平性分类 住宅点数量 占住宅点总数量的比例 居住区水平 无公园可达(E=0) 2142 49.55% 公平性低(E≤20) 1145 26.49% 公平性适中(0≤E≤500>) 767 17.74% 公平性高(E≥500) 269 6.22% 表 4 上海市中心城区住宅点公平性指数与住宅类型的叠置统计结果
Tab. 4 Statistical results of overlay analysis on spatial equity index and residential types in the central area of Shanghai
公平性指数 住宅类型 别墅式住宅 新式住宅 旧式住宅 自然村落住宅 无公园可达(E=0) 60(62.50%) 947(39.64%) 231(28.80%) 884(92.66%) 公平性低(E≤20) 15(15.63%) 699(29.26%) 395(49.25%) 8(0.84%) 公平性适中(20≤E≤500) 11(11.46%) 570(23.86%) 123(15.34%) 33(3.46%) 公平性高(E≥500) 10(10.42%) 173(7.24%) 53(6.61%) 29(3.04%) -
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