Numerical simulation of transport and diffusion of thermal discharge water from the power plants in the Changjiang estuary
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摘要: 本文建立长江河口温排水三维数值模式，模拟华能石洞口第一电厂二期改进工程和综合考虑整个长江河口电厂夏季温排水输运扩散，分析温排水对敏感目标的影响.受长江径流和混合作用，温排水沿南支南岸向下游输运扩散.在仅考虑本工程情况下，在排水口附近温升出现了超过2.0℃的区域，但在取水口温排水的影响微小，温升仅为0.04℃左右.全潮平均表层温升3.0、2.0、1.0℃的面积分别为0.12、0.6、1.42 km2.潮周期和全潮平均温升1℃包络线未进入陈行水库水源地保护区.在综合考虑整个长江河口电厂情况下，温升超过1℃的影响范围大，主要分布在太仓发电厂至外高桥发电厂下游沿南支南岸约50 km的水域内.华能发电厂附近和下游水域温升显著，出现了温升超过4℃的较大范围.全潮平均表层温升3.0、2.0、1.0℃的面积分别为2.34、4.16、13.52 km2.沿本工程取水口和排水口断面，温升沿岸大、离岸小，在近岸出现垂向分层.温升1℃等温线侵入了陈行水库水源地保护区.在陈行水库水源地二级保护区内大潮、中潮、小潮和全潮平均温升1℃的面积分别为1.9、1.82、1.75和1.83 km2.长江河口电厂夏季排放温排水对青草沙水库和东风西沙水库水源地保护区，以及九段沙湿地自然保护区和崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区均没有影响.Abstract: The three dimensional numerical model of thermal discharge water in the Changjiang estuary was established to simulate the transport and diffusion of thermal discharge water from the Huaneng Shidongkou first power plant under second-phase rebuild project and the whole power plants in the estuary in summertime, and analyze their impacts on the sensitive targets. The thermal discharge water transports and diffusions downstream along the south coast of the South Branch affected by the runoff and mixing. In the case of only considered the project, there appeared area of temperature rise of greater than 2.0℃ near the drain outlet, while the impact is weak and the temperature rise is only 0.04℃ in the water intake. The area of whole tide-averaged surface temperature rise of 3.0, 2.0 and 1.0℃ is 0.12, 0.60 and 1.42 km2, respectively. The tidal and week averaged temperature rise envelope of 1℃ does not enter the water source protection area of Chenhang reservoir. In the case of considered the whole power plants in the estuary, the area of temperature rise of greater than 1.0℃ is wider, mainly distributes along the south coast of the South Branch in 50 km range from Taicang power plants to the downstream coast of Waigaoqiao power plants. The temperature rise is significant and appears wider area of greater than 4℃ near the Huaneng power plants and downstream water. The areas of whole tide-averaged temperature rise of 3.0, 2.0, 1.0℃ reach 2.34, 4.16, 13.52 km2, respectively. The temperature rise is higher and stratification near the coast, and decreases off the coast along the sections cross the water intake and drain outlet of the project. The isotherm of temperature rise of 1℃ invades the water source protection area of Chenhang reservoir. The area of temperature rise of 1℃ averaged during spring, middle, neap and week reaches 1.9, 1.82, 1.75 and 1.83 km2 in the secondary water source reserve of Chenhang reservoir. There is no impact of thermal discharge water from the whole power plants in the Chnagjiang Estuary on the water source protection area of Qingcaosha and Dongfeng xisha reservoir, Jiuduansha wetland nature reserve and Chongming Estern shoal birds nature reserve.
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图 1 长江河口石洞口附近电厂位置
注: 黑点为电厂排水口位置，华能电厂上游为陈行水库水源地保护区
Fig. 1 Positions of the power plants near Shidongkou in the Changjiang estuary
图 2 长江河口电厂位置
注: 黑点为排水口位置
Fig. 2 Positions of the power plants in the whole Changjiang estuary
图 3 模式计算区域和网格
注: ｂ和ｃ分别为崇头和口门区域局部放大图
Fig. 3 Model domain and grids (a), enlarged grids in the area of Chongtou (b) and in the area of the river mouth (c)
图 4 石洞口区域加密网格及码头、栈桥分布
Fig. 4 Refined grids and positions of dock and trestle bridge near Shidongkou area
图 5 仅考虑本工程南支部分水域全潮平均表层温升
Fig. 5 Distribution of whole tide-averaged surface temperature rise in part of the South Branch only considered the project
图 6 本工程取排水口断面位置
Fig. 6 Section locations cross the water intake and drain outlet of the project
图 7 沿本工程取水口断面全潮平均温升垂向剖面分布
注: 三角形处为取水口位置
Fig. 7 Vertical profile distribution of whole tide-averaged temperature rise along the intake section of the project
图 8 沿本工程排水口断面全潮平均温升垂向剖面分布
注: 三角形处为排水口位置
Fig. 8 Vertical profile distribution of whole tide-averaged temperature rise along the drainage section of the project
图 9 综合考虑整个长江河口电厂的长江河口全潮平均表层温升
注: 绿色虚线内为陈行水库、青草沙水库和东风西沙水库水源地保护区，九段沙湿地自然保护区和崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区
Fig. 9 Distributions of whole tide-averaged surface temperature rise considered the whole power plants in the Changjiang estuary
图 10 综合考虑整个长江河口电厂石洞口附近水域全潮平均表层温升
Fig. 10 Distributions of whole tide-averaged surface temperature rise near Shidongkou area considered the whole power plants in the Changjiang Estuary
图 11 沿本工程取水口断面全潮平均温升垂向剖面分布
注: 黑色三角形处为本工程取水口位置
Fig. 11 Vertical profile distribution of whole tide-averaged temperature rise along the intake section of the project
图 12 沿本工程排水口断面全潮平均温升垂向剖面分布
注: 黑色三角形处为本工程排水口位置
Fig. 12 Vertical profile distribution of whole tide-averaged temperature rise alongthe drainage section of the project
表 1 长江河口电厂夏季装机容量及取排水工程参数
Tab. 1 Parameters of installed capacities, water intake and drainage of the power plants in the Changjiang estuary in summer
名称 装机容量/MW 取排水流量/(m3·s-1) 凝汽器循环水温升/℃ 国华太仓发电有限公司 2×600 44 9 太仓港协鑫发电有限公司一期 2×125 11 9 太仓港协鑫发电有限公司二期 2×300 22 9 太仓港协鑫发电有限公司三期 2×300 24 9 太仓华能电厂一期 2×300 22.64 9 太仓华能电厂二期 2×600 40.8 9 常熟发电有限公司一期 4×300 50 9 华润电力常熟公司 (常熟二期) 3×600 63 9 常熟发电有限公司三期 2×1000 64 9 华能上海石洞口第一电厂 2×660 41 9 华能上海石洞口第二电厂 (一期及二期) 2×600+2×600 42+41.32 9 华能石洞口燃机电厂 3×390 21.57 7 浦钢CCPP电厂 160 12 8 宝钢电厂 2×600+350 35+12 8 上海外高桥发电有限公司第一发电厂 2×600 42 9.0 上海外高桥发电有限公司第二发电厂 2×900 48 9.0 上海外高桥发电有限公司第三发电厂 2×1000 50 9.0 长江口黎明资源再利用中心 2×20 2.3 10.0 申能崇明燃气电厂 2×400 14.1 8.0 长兴岛第二发电厂 2×12 1.5 9 
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表 2 综合考虑长江河口各个电厂温排水情况下平均温升面积
Tab. 2 Area of averaged temperature rise considered the whole power plants in the Changjiang estuary
km2 温升3 ℃的面积 温升2 ℃的面积 温升1 ℃的面积 温升0.5 ℃的面积 大潮 表层 2.43 4.28 12.90 38.39 中层 2.19 4.18 12.61 39.21 底层 2.04 3.95 11.66 38.50 中潮 表层 2.36 4.19 12.22 37.90 中层 2.18 4.13 12.07 38.87 底层 2.02 3.89 11.36 38.22 小潮 表层 2.31 4.00 15.23 36.18 中层 2.21 4.11 14.33 38.72 底层 2.09 3.98 13.38 41.05 全潮平均 表层 2.34 4.16 13.52 37.60 中层 2.19 4.12 12.43 39.09 底层 2.04 3.93 11.67 39.28
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表 3 综合考虑整个长江河口电厂情况下陈行水库一、二级保护区内各温升包络线的最大和平均温升面积及温升持续时间
Tab. 3 Area of the maximum and averaged temperature rise in the temperature rise envelope, duration of temperature rise in first and secondary water resource reserve of Chenhang reservoir considered the whole power plants in the Changjiang estuary
保护区 潮位 最大温升面积/km2 平均温升面积/km2 持续时间/h 温升3 ℃ 温升2 ℃ 温升1 ℃ 温升3 ℃ 温升2 ℃ 温升1 ℃ 温升3 ℃ 温升2 ℃ 温升1 ℃ 一级保护区 大潮 0.26 0.74 1.29 0 0 1.01 3 5.5 >12 中潮 0.25 0.73 1.22 0 0 0.98 3 6 >12 小潮 0 0.21 1.36 0 0 0.97 0 3 10.5 全潮 0.17 0.56 1.29 0 0 1.00 2 4.83 11.83 二级保护区 大潮 0.48 1.32 2.20 0.01 0.18 1.90 12 12 >12 中潮 0.48 1.29 2.14 0.01 0.18 1.82 >12 >12 >12 小潮 0.26 0.56 1.90 0.01 0.16 1.75 >12 >12 >12 全潮 0.41 1.06 2.08 0.01 0.18 1.83 >12 >12 >12
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