大气沉降对叶菜重金属的污染效应及其健康风险

周枭潇; 毕春娟; 汪萌; 周雅; 陈振楼

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2018.02.015

大气沉降对叶菜重金属的污染效应及其健康风险

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2018.02.015

周枭潇^1,2,,
毕春娟^1,2, ,,
汪萌^1,2,
周雅^1,2,
陈振楼^1,2

1.
华东师范大学地理信息科学教育部重点实验室, 上海 200241
2.
华东师范大学地理科学学院, 上海 200241

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金 41271472

详细信息

作者简介:
周枭潇, 男, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为城市与三角洲环境过程.E-mail:384268455@qq.com

通讯作者:
毕春娟, 女, 副教授, 研究方向为城市与三角洲环境过程.E-mail:cjbi@geo.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: O157.5
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-03-10
- 刊出日期: 2018-03-25

Pollution effects of atmospheric deposition on heavy metals in leafy vegetables and its health risks

ZHOU Xiao-xiao^{1,2
,},
BI Chun-juan^{1,2
, ,},
WANG Meng^1,2,
ZHOU Ya^1,2,
CHEN Zhen-lou^1,2

1.
Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, 200241, China
2.
School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

摘要

摘要: 为系统研究大气沉降对叶菜重金属的污染效应及摄入蔬菜的健康风险，选取上海市郊工业区附近农田作为研究区域，对比分析了露天和大棚种植的青菜、生菜、苋菜和空心菜样品中的重金属含量，并利用目标危害商数对蔬菜可食部分进行了健康风险评价.结果表明，棚外蔬菜中重金属含量普遍高于棚内，棚外蔬菜可食部分中Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的平均含量分别为7.32、0.91、0.52、0.007、0.029、0.002和0.014 mg· kg^-1，其中Zn、Cr、Cu、Cd和Hg比棚内分别高出26.4%、28.4%、44.4%、33.9%和14.0%.棚内蔬菜的富集系数均高于棚外，表明大棚外蔬菜中重金属受大气沉降的影响较大.不同蔬菜对于不同重金属的富集能力差异明显，苋菜对Zn、Hg、As和Cu的富集能力最强，空心菜对Pb的富集能力最强.棚外四种蔬菜的综合目标危害商数（TTHQ）在1.41~2.99之间，平均值为2.29；棚内TTHQ在1.10~2.19之间，平均值为1.85，比棚外低23.4%.研究发现，四种蔬菜对成人和儿童健康均会产生一定威胁，而棚外四种蔬菜的摄入风险要高于棚内.大气干湿沉降是蔬菜中重金属的重要来源之一，建议在大气重金属污染高风险区域避免蔬菜露天种植，从而减少大气沉降对蔬菜富集重金属的影响.
- 蔬菜 /
- 大气沉降 /
- 重金属污染 /
- 健康风险
Abstract: In order to study the pollution effects of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition on leafy vegetables and health risks via consuming vegetables, this research chooses a farmland near the suburban Shanghai as a study area, makes comparative analysis of heavy metal contents in vegetables samples, including Shanghai Green cabbage, leaf lettuce, amaranth and water spinach, both in outdoor and greenhouses, and makes the health risk assessment of the edible parts of vegetables using the target hazard quotient (THQ). The results show that the heavy metal contents of the vegetables in outdoor are higher than those in greenhouses. The average contents of Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in outdoor vegetables are 7.32, 0.91, 0.52, 0.007, 0.029, 0.002, and 0.014 mg·kg^-1, respectively; among which, the contents of Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd, and Hg are 26.4%, 28.4%, 83.3%, 33.9%, and 14% higher than those in greenhouses, respectively. The enrichment factors of greenhouse vegetables are higher than those of outdoor vegetables, showing that the heavy metals of outdoor vegetables are greatly influenced by atmospheric deposition. Different vegetables have different enrichment capacity of heavy metals. Amaranth has the strongest enrichment capacity for Zn, Hg, As and Cu; while water spinach has the most powerful enrichment capacity for Pb. TotalTarget Hazard Quotient (TTHQ)values ofvegetables in outdoor are between 1.41 to 2.99 with an average of 2.29; while those in greenhouses are between 1.10 to 2.19 with an average of 1.85, which is 23.4% lower than the outdoor values. There is a threat for the health of adult and children. The risk of consuming vegetables in outdoor is higher than that in greenhouses. Atmospheric deposition is one of the important sources of heavy metals in vegetables. Hence, we suggest to avoid outdoor cultivating vegetables in high risk areas with atmospheric pollution of heavy metals, thus reducing the impact of atmospheric deposition on enrichment of heavy metals in vegetables.
- vegetables /
- atmospheric deposition /
- heavy metal pollution /
- health risk

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图 1 研究区域及采样点位置图

Fig. 1 Location of the study area and sampling site

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图 2 棚内外四种蔬菜可食部分中重金属含量

Fig. 2 Contents of heavy metals in leaves of four vegetables in or out Greenhouse

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 棚内外四种蔬菜可食部分对重金属的累积特征

Fig. 3 The dynamic accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in leaves of four vegetables in or out the greenhouse

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表 1 内梅罗指数分级

Tab. 1 The classification of Nemerow index

等级	污染指数值	污染程度	污染指数值	污染程度
Ⅰ	$P_i\le1$	清洁	$P_{\mbox{综合}}\le$0.7	优良
Ⅱ	1$<P_i\le $2	轻度污染	0.7$<P_{\mbox{综合}}\le $1.0	安全
Ⅲ	2$<P_i\le $5	中度污染	1.0$<P_{\mbox{综合}}\le $2.0	轻污染
Ⅳ	5$<P_i\le $20	重度污染	2.0$<P_{\mbox{综合}}\le $3.0	中污染
Ⅴ	$P_i>$20	严重污染	$P_{\mbox{综合}}>$3.0	重污染

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表 2 健康风险评价模型参数

Tab. 2 The parameters of health risk assessment

参数	参数名称	成人参考值	儿童参考值	参考文献
$E_{F}$	暴露频率(d·a$^{-1}$)	365	365	[13]
$E_{D}$	暴露时间(a)	70	70	[13]
$E_{IR}$	蔬菜摄入率(g·d$^{-1}$)	301.4	231.5	[13-14]
$W_{AB}$	平均体重(kg)	55.9	32.7	[14]
$C$	蔬菜重金属浓度(mg·kg$^{-1}$)	实测		-
$T_{A}$	非致癌平均暴露时间(d)	25 550	25 550	[13]
$R_{FD}$	参考剂量(mg·kg$^{-1}\cdot $d$^{-1}$)	参考文献[13]		[13]

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表 4 棚内外蔬菜富集系数

Tab. 4 Enrichment coefficients of heavy metals in the vegetables in or out Greenhouse

蔬菜		富集系数/%
蔬菜		Zn	Cr	Cu	Pb	Cd	Hg	As
棚内	青菜	5.81	0.38	2.45	0.03	52.49	6.04	0.13
	生菜	3.08	0.29	3.27	0.02	12.01	1.80	0.28
	苋菜	4.76	0.64	4.21	0.04	45.08	7.51	0.39
	空心菜	2.61	0.65	2.66	0.07	28.76	2.42	0.22
棚外	青菜	5.78	0.36	2.45	0.01	43.32	5.38	0.11
	生菜	3.05	0.26	2.66	0.01	27.52	1.01	0.21
	苋菜	4.36	0.56	4.22	0.04	22.09	6.87	0.21
	空心菜	2.45	0.28	2.58	0.05	17.79	0.91	0.21

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表 5 棚内外蔬菜重金属污染评价结果

Tab. 5 Evaluations on heavy metal pollution in vegetables in or out the Greenhouse

蔬菜		$P_{i}$							$P_{\mbox{综合}}$
蔬菜		Zn	Cr	Cu	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	$P_{\mbox{综合}}$
棚内	青菜	0.45	1.16	0.04	0.09	0.68	0.00	0.02	0.86
	生菜	0.21	0.87	0.02	0.05	0.22	0.12	0.01	0.63
	苋菜	0.38	1.19	0.00	0.15	0.58	0.39	0.07	0.89
	空心菜	0.19	0.98	0.05	0.25	0.41	0.17	0.04	0.72
棚外	青菜	0.51	1.63	0.05	0.03	1.03	0.34	0.02	1.21
	生菜	0.28	1.81	0.05	0.05	0.58	0.17	0.03	1.31
	苋菜	0.56	1.24	0.08	0.16	0.48	0.44	0.04	0.93
	空心菜	0.19	0.89	0.05	0.20	0.36	0.07	0.04	0.66

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表 6 棚内外蔬菜重金属的目标危害商数

Tab. 6 $TTHQ$ of heavy metals in vegetables in or out the Greenhouse

蔬菜			$THQ$							$TTHQ$
蔬菜			Zn	Cr	Cu	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	$TTHQ$
成人	棚内	青菜	0.16	1.05	0.06	0.01	0.18	0.01	0.21	1.67
		生菜	0.07	0.78	0.03	0.01	0.06	0.02	0.13	1.10
		苋菜	0.14	1.07	0.01	0.02	0.16	0.07	0.64	2.10
		空心菜	0.07	0.88	0.07	0.04	0.11	0.03	0.35	1.55
	棚外	青菜	0.18	1.47	0.06	0.00	0.28	0.06	0.16	2.22
		生菜	0.10	1.62	0.07	0.01	0.16	0.03	0.29	2.27
		苋菜	0.20	1.12	0.10	0.03	0.13	0.08	0.37	2.02
		空心菜	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.03	0.10	0.01	0.33	1.41
儿童	棚内	青菜	0.21	1.37	0.08	0.02	0.24	0.01	0.27	2.19
		生菜	0.10	1.03	0.04	0.01	0.08	0.03	0.17	1.44
		苋菜	0.18	1.41	0.01	0.03	0.20	0.09	0.84	2.76
		空心菜	0.09	1.15	0.09	0.05	0.15	0.04	0.46	2.03
	棚外	青菜	0.24	1.93	0.08	0.01	0.36	0.08	0.21	2.91
		生菜	0.13	2.13	0.09	0.01	0.21	0.04	0.38	2.99
		苋菜	0.26	1.47	0.14	0.03	0.17	0.10	0.48	2.65
		空心菜	0.09	1.05	0.09	0.04	0.13	0.02	0.44	1.85

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