Aerobic denitrifiers and the state of research in their use for sewage treatment and environmental remediation
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摘要: 好氧反硝化菌由于其可以进行同步硝化反硝化的独特优势，给传统生物脱氮带来了新思路.本文综述了好氧反硝化菌的分离方法、种类及其影响因素，从电子传递瓶颈理论和酶学理论两方面探讨了好氧反硝化作用机理，介绍了它们在污水处理和环境修复方面的应用.研究表明，温度、溶解氧（DO）、碳源、碳氮比和pH值对好氧反硝化过程影响明显，且好氧反硝化菌在适宜条件下都有高效的脱氮效率.不过，目前好氧反硝化菌在环境修复应用方面仍有着效果不稳定等不足，和实验室研究有着一定的差距，需要进一步的探究.系统总结了好氧反硝化菌的分离方法、种类、反应机理、影响因素以及污水处理和环境修复中的应用.Abstract: The use of aerobic denitrifying bacteria has introduced a new concept to traditional biological nitrogen removal given its unique advantages for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. This paper reviewed the separation methods of aerobic denitrifiers as well as their respective types and influencing factors. The mechanism of aerobic denitrification is explored from the perspective of electron transfer bottleneck theory and enzymology; meanwhile, the applications for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation are also introduced. Studies have shown that:temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), carbon source, the carbon to nitrogen ratio, and pH value all have effects on the aerobic denitrification process; and aerobic denitrifying bacteria have efficient nitrogen removal efficiency under suitable conditions. However, at present, aerobic denitrifying bacteria still have insufficient impact for environmental remediation applications. There is a gap between laboratory results and engineering applications, so further investigation is needed. This paper systematically summarizes the separation methods, types, reaction mechanisms, influencing factors, and applications of aerobic denitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
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图 1 好氧反硝化菌的反硝化作用过程及途径示意图
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the denitrification process and pathway of aerobic denitrifiers
表 1 已分离好氧反硝化菌种类及来源
Tab. 1 Source and species of isolated aerobic denitrifiers
属 种属 来源 年份 不动杆菌属Acinetobacter 不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp. YB 养猪废水处理系统中SBR池的活性污泥 2014[18] 不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp. Y16 松花江江水 2013[19] 不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp. HNR MBR活性污泥 2010[20] 不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp. HA2 城市污水处理系统中二沉池污泥 2013[21] 假单胞菌属Pseudomonas 施氏假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. PCN1 垃圾渗滤液处理系统中生物曝气滤池 2014[22] 施氏假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. T13 城市污水处理厂活性污泥 2012[23, 24] 施氏假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. T1 太湖梅梁湾 2013[25] 施氏假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. ZF31 枣庄市周村饮用水水库 2015[26] 恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida AD-21 活性污泥 2008[27] 恶臭假单胞菌Pseudonocardia ammonioxydans H9T 海岸沉积物 2008[28] 产碱假单胞菌Pseudomonas alcaligenes AS-1 猪场废水处理系统 2001[29] 假单胞菌P. brassicacearum sp. LZ-4 石化公司污水出口废水 2016[30] 托拉斯假单胞杆菌P. tolaasii sp. Y-11 稻田沉积物 2016[31] 农杆菌属Agrobacterium 农杆菌Agrobacterium sp. LAD9 垃圾渗滤液处理系统中生物处理器 2011[32] 无色杆菌属Achromobacter 无色杆菌Achromobacter sp.GAD3 垃圾渗滤液处理系统中生物处理器 2011[32] 丛毛单胞菌属Comamonas 丛毛单胞菌Comamonas sp.GAD4 垃圾渗滤液处理系统中生物处理器 2011[32] 气单胞菌属Aeromonas 气单胞菌Aeromonas sp. HN-02 实验室规模的CASS反应器中活性污泥 2014[33] 副球菌属Paracoccus 善变副球菌Paracoccus versutus sp. LYM 海底污泥 2013[34] Diaphorobacter属 Diaphorobacter sp. SL-205 T 活性污泥, 稻田土壤, 大豆根瘤 2017[35] 弧菌属Vibrio 魔鬼弧菌Vibrio diabolicus sp. SF16 厦门市集美港沉积物 2015[36] 弧菌Vibrio sp.Y1-5 中国胶州湾表层沉淀物 2017[37] 小棒状杆菌属Quabacterium parvum 小棒状杆菌Quabacterium parvum sp. B6 柏林饮水系统 1999[38] 贪铜菌属Cupriavidus 贪铜菌 Cupriavidus sp. S1 焦化废水 2016[39] 节杆菌属Arthrobacter 节杆菌Arthrobacter arilaitensis sp. Y-10 稻田沉积物 2017[40] 副球菌属Paracoccus 脱氮副球菌Paracoccus denitrifcans ISTOD1 污水处理厂活性污泥 2017[41] 肠杆菌属Enterobacter 阴沟肠杆菌Enterobacter cloacae CF-S27 污水区 2017[42] 芽孢杆菌属Bacillus 蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus GS-5 生物反应器生物膜 2017[43] 嗜甲基芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus L7 污水 2012[44] 枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis 粪便处理系统 2005[45] 地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis 粪便处理系统 2005[45] 海杆菌属Marinobacter 海杆菌Marinobacter sp. NNA5 生物滤池中的生物膜 2016[46] 产碱杆菌Alcaligenes 粪产碱杆菌Alcaligenes faecalis sp. NR MBR活性污泥 2012[47-48] 反硝化产碱菌Alcaligenes denitrificans T25 稻田沉积物 1999[49] Microvirgula属 M. aerodenitrificans 环境样品 2000[50] 陶厄氏菌属Thauera 陶厄氏菌Thauera rnechernichensis sp. nov. 垃圾渗滤液处理系统 1999[51] 柠檬酸菌属Citrobacter 异型枸橼酸杆菌Citrobacter diversus 猪场废水处理系统 2001[52] 硫杆菌属Thiobacillus Thiobacillus sp. 环境样品 2000[50] 苍白杆菌属Ochrobactrum 人苍白杆菌Ochrobactrum anthropi T23 稻田沉积物 1999[49] 单胞菌属Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. 环境样品 2000[50] 普罗维登斯菌属Providencia 雷氏普罗威登斯菌Providencia rettgeri YL 膜生物反应器 2005[53] 
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表 2 部分好氧反硝化菌在优化条件下脱氮效果
Tab. 2 The nitrogen removal performance of aerobic denitrification bacteria under optimal
菌种 影响因素优化条件 碳源 碳氮比 温度/℃ pH DO/(mg$\cdot $L$^{-1})$ 脱氮效果 不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp. YB 丁二酸盐 15 37 7.5 7.1 ${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $-N 85.67%; ${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $-N 99.05%; ${\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$-N 99.91%[18] 施氏假单胞菌Pseudomonas stutzeri sp. ZF31 6.68 27.72 8.23 2.93 TN 90.96%[26] 气单胞菌Aeromonas sp. HN-02 2.3$\sim$11 30 7 TN 86.5%[33] 魔鬼弧菌Vibrio diabolicus sp. SF16 丁二酸盐 10 8 ${\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$-N 97.14%; TN 73.92%[36] 弧菌Vibrio sp.Y1-5 15$\sim$17 25.0$\sim$35.0 6$\sim$9 4.5 TN 80%[37] 贪铜菌Cupriavidus sp. S1 丙酮酸盐 12$\sim$28 4.37 ${\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$-N 10.43 mg/(L$\cdot$h); ${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $-N 8.64 mg/(L$\cdot$h); ${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $-N 8.36 mg/(L$\cdot$h)[39] 嗜甲基芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus L7 6$\sim$15 37 7 ${\rm{NH}}_4^{\rm{ + }}$-N 51.58 mg/(L$\cdot$d); ${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $-N 5.81 mg/(L$\cdot$d)[44] 海杆菌Marinobacter sp. NNA5 4$\sim$15 35 7.5 6.08 ${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $-N 112.8 mg/(L$\cdot$d)[46] 粪产碱杆菌Alcaligenes faecalis sp. NR 柠檬酸盐 10 4.37 TN 81.2%[47-48]
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