Development history of sponge cities and the state of research on runoff pollution control
-
摘要: 以国内外海绵城市建设理论体系的发展历程为出发点，探究各国海绵城市建设异同与发展经验，继而以海绵城市建设最为典型的单项措施——雨水花园为例，从其结构组成、水力特性以及植物配置等方面分析其对径流污染的控制效应，以期为我国海绵城市建设提供理论借鉴.最后提出了海绵城市建设与运行存在的堵塞和蚊虫孳生等潜在问题与风险，并对我国海绵城市建设提出建议和展望：借鉴国外海绵城市建设理论体系发展历程的同时需要实现海绵城市建设真正意义上的"中国化"；因地制宜，注重区域差异性；加强现场试验，进一步探究海绵城市对径流污染的控制机制；与此同时，堵塞和蚊虫孳生作为海绵城市建设与运行存在的潜在问题与风险也应予以重视.Abstract: Based on the development history of sponge city construction system in China and abroad, this paper explores the similarities and differences and development experiences of sponge cities in various countries. Taking the rain garden as the research object, this paper analyzes the effect of its structural composition, hydraulic characteristics, and plant configuration on runoff pollution; these can be used to provide a theoretical reference for the construction of sponge cities in China. Finally, potential problems and risks in the construction of the sponge city were presented, and suggestions and prospects for the construction of a sponge city such as mosquito breeding and plugging are presented, and suggestions and prospects for the construction of a sponge city in China are proposed. It is important to learn from the development history of foreign stormwater management systems and realize the "Sinification" of stormwater management in practice by:adapting to local conditions, focusing on regional differences, strengthening field trials, and exploring the control mechanism of sponge cities on runoff pollution. Meanwhile, the potential risks and problems related to plugging and mosquito breeding in sponge city construction should also be taken seriously.
-
Key words:
- sponge city /
- development history /
- rain garden /
- runoff pollution control /
- problems and risks
-
表 1 部分海绵城市试点建设技术导则差异统计
Tab. 1 Variance statistics of construction guidelines for each sponge city
城市 多年均降雨量 径流总量控制率/mm 径流污染控制(以TSS去除率)/% 推荐植物(水生植物为例)/% 径流峰值控制(以雨水排水系统设计重现期表示[24]) 白城[25] 399.8 80~85 50~70 石菖蒲、千屈菜等, 芦苇、鸢尾和千屈菜等 一般地区取2~3年, 重要地区取3~5年, 地下通道和下沉式广场等取10~20年 西宁[26] 380.0 85~90 68~74(海湖片区) 水葱、旱伞草和千屈菜等 一般地区取2~3年, 重要地区取3~5年, 地下通道和下沉式广场等取10~20年 鹤壁[27] 664.9 70~85 40~60 未推荐 一般地区取2~3年, 重要地区取3~5年, 地下通道和下沉式广场等取10~20年 上海[28] 1 123.7 75~85 75~80 美人蕉、水葱和灯芯草等 一般地区取3~5年, 重要地区取5~10年, 地下通道和下沉式广场等取30~50年 重庆[29] 1 133.0 75~85 ≥50 千屈菜、芦竹和美人蕉等 一般地区取2~5年, 重要地区取5~10年, 地下通道和下沉式广场等取20~30年 三亚[30] 1 263.0 60~85 ≥ 45 风车草、富贵竹、菖蒲和水生美人蕉等 一般地区取2~3年, 重要地区取3~5年, 地下通道和下沉式广场等取10~20年 
下载: 导出CSV
名称 厚度/mm 功能说明 蓄水层 200~300 蓄水层厚度即为溢流井超高, 为径流雨水提供暂时的储存空间, 使部分沉淀物在此层沉淀[35] 植物层 视植物种类而定 植物通过吸收作用去除部分污染物, 发达的根系可以增强土壤渗透能力以及污染物的去除效果[36] 树皮覆盖层 50~100 保持土壤的湿度, 避免表层土壤板结而造成渗透性能降低, 但是可能会因腐败对造成进行二次污染, 应该及时清理[37] 换土层 250~1 200 维持植物生长; 功能同滤料层, 过滤径流雨水, 去除污染物, 多选用渗透性较强的天然或人工材料 透水土工布或砂层 100(砂层) 主要是为了防止土壤层小颗粒, 冲刷到砾石层造成排水不畅[35] 砾石层 250~300 由粒径为12~35 mm的砾石组成, 承受上部荷载, 使得整个系统具有结构稳定性
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 雨水花园对径流污染物中N、P的去除状况
Tab. 3 Typical rain garden performance on the removal of N and P in stormwater runoff
位置 填料组成 去除率/% 文献来源 TN TP Chapel Hill, NC 砂 40 65 Hunt et al[47] Charlotte, NC 砂壤土, 6%细沙 30 31 Hunt et al[48] Rocky Mount, NC 98%砂, 2%覆盖物 80 72 Brown et al[49] Silver Spring, MD 砂质粘壤土, 54%砂, 46%细沙, 含有机质 97 100 Li and Davis[50] Graham, NC 80%覆盖物, 15%砂, 5%有机质 54 63 Passport and Hunt[51] Rocky Mount, NC 砂质粘壤土, 96%砂, 4%覆盖物 58 -10 Brown et al[52] Lenexa, KS 木屑和砂混合种植土, 含20%有机质 56 — Chen[53] Taiyuan, Shanxi 30%壤土, 40%砂, 15%珍珠岩, 15%蛭石 82 91 Gao et al[54] Wuxi, Jiangsu 80%沸石, 20%碎木屑 90 70 Wang et al[55] Beijing 草炭土做覆盖层, 黏土、粗沙等为填料 62 83 Guo et al[56]
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 黄勤, 曾元, 江琴.中国推进生态文明建设的研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2015(2): 111-120. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2015.02.015 [2] 刘芳, 苗旺.水生态文明建设系统要素的体系模型构建研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2016(5): 117-122. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2016.05.014 [3] 颜京松, 王美珍.城市水环境问题的生态实质[J].现代城市研究, 2005(4): 6-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2005.04.002 [4] 高峰.哈尔滨城市内涝灾害治理的规划对策研究[D].哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2015. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=degree&id=D01100946 [5] 周勤.海绵城市技术导向下的悦来生态城控规层面规划策略研究[D].重庆: 重庆大学, 2015. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=degree&id=D685519 [6] 车伍, 赵杨, 李俊奇.海绵城市建设热潮下的冷思考[J].南方建筑, 2015(4): 104-107. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2015.04.104 [7] 陈华.关于推进海绵城市建设若干问题的探析[J].净水技术, 2016(1): 102-106. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0177.2016.01.019 [8] 车伍, 闫攀, 赵杨, 等.国际现代雨洪管理体系的发展及剖析[J].中国给水排水, 2014(18): 45-51. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/95430X/201418/662297869.html [9] 李强.低影响开发理论与方法述评[J].城市发展研究, 2013(6): 30-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3862.2013.06.005 [10] 车伍, 赵杨, 李俊奇, 等.海绵城市建设指南解读之基本概念与综合目标[J].中国给水排水, 2015(8): 1-5. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=GSPS201508004&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ [11] DIETZ M E. Low impact development practices: A review of current research and recommendations for future directions[J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2007, 186(1/2/3/4): 351-363. doi: 10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z [12] 车伍, 闫攀, 赵杨, 等.国际现代雨洪管理体系的发展及剖析[J].中国给水排水, 2014(18): 45-51. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/95430X/201418/662297869.html [13] 廖朝轩, 高爱国, 黄恩浩.国外雨水管理对我国海绵城市建设的启示[J].水资源保护, 2016(1): 42-45. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/szybh201601006 [14] 吴丹洁, 詹圣泽, 李友华, 等.中国特色海绵城市的新兴趋势与实践研究[J].中国软科学, 2016(1): 79-97. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2016.01.008 [15] 李昌志, 程晓陶.日本鹤见川流域综合治水历程的启示[J].中国水利, 2012(3): 61-64. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1123.2012.03.022 [16] 赖文波, 蒋璐, 彭坤焘.培育城市的海绵细胞——以日本城市"雨庭"为例[J].中国园林, 2017(1): 66-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6664.2017.01.014 [17] 黎靖.我国城市雨水排放费制度的设计研究[D].广州: 华南理工大学, 2011. [18] BROWN R R, FARRELLY M A, LOORBACH D A. Actors working the institutions in sustainability transitions: The case of Melbourne's stormwater management[J]. Global Environmental Change-human and Policy Dimensions, 2013, 23(4): 701-718. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.013 [19] 刘颂, 李春晖.澳大利亚水敏性城市转型历程及其启示[J].风景园林, 2016(6): 104-111. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/fjyl201606013 [20] WHELANS CONSULTANTS. Planning and management guidelines for water sensitive urban design[R]//the Water Authority of Western Australia and the Environmental Protection Authority. Whelans : State Planning Commission, 1994. [21] 王岱霞, 陈前虎, 钱爱华.我国海绵城市建设的困境及建议:基于国际比较的研究[J].浙江工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2017(2): 176-182. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/zjgydxxb-skb201702010 [22] 车生泉, 谢长坤, 陈丹, 等.海绵城市理论与技术发展沿革及构建途径[J].中国园林, 2015(6): 11-15. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6664.2015.06.003 [23] 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.关于印发《海绵城市建设技术指南-低影响开发雨水系统构建(试行) 》的通知(建城函[2014]275号)[Z]. 2014-10-22. [24] 上海市建设和交通委员会.室外排水设计规范: GB 50014—2006(2014年版)[S].北京: 中国计划出版社, 2014. [25] 吉林省住房和城乡建设厅.吉林省建设标准化管理办公室关于《吉林省海绵城市建设技术导则(试行)》公示的函(吉建准函[2016]11号)[Z]. 2016-07-05. [26] 西宁市城乡规划和建设局.西宁市海绵城市建设设计导则(试行)(DBJT26-53)[Z]. 2016-01-01. [27] 鹤壁市人民政府.鹤壁市人民政府关于印发鹤壁市海绵城市建设试点实施计划的通知(鹤政[2015]29号)[Z]. 2015-10-15. [28] 上海市住房和城乡建设管理委员会.上海地方标准《上海市海绵城市建设技术规程》征求意见稿发布(沪建标定[2016]589号)[Z]. 2017-09-20. [29] 重庆市城乡建设委员会, 重庆市规划局重庆市规划局.关于发布《重庆市海绵城市规划与设计导则(试行)》的通知(渝建[2016]549号)[Z]. 2016-11-28. [30] 三亚市人民政府.三亚市人民政府关于印发三亚市海绵城市规划建设管理暂行办法的通知(三府[2016]242号)[Z]. 2016-09-10. [31] USEPA. 2000 National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress[M]. Washington DC: Office of Water, 2002. [32] National Reserch Council (NRC). Public Participation in Environmental Assessment and Decisionmaking[M]. Washington DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. [33] Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Tackling water pollution from the urban environment: Consultation on a strategy to address diffuse water pollution from the built environment[R]. [S.l.: s.n.], 2012. [34] 张建强, 许萍, 何俊超.生物滞留池去除道路径流雨水中氮磷的原理及研究现状[J].市政技术, 2015(3): 128-132. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7767.2015.03.038 [35] 向璐璐, 李俊奇, 邝诺, 等.雨水花园设计方法探析[J].给水排水, 2008(6): 47-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8471.2008.06.012 [36] LUCAS W C, GREENWAY M. Nutrient retention in vegetated and nonvegetated bioretention mesocosms[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2008, 134(5): 613-623. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:5(613) [37] BRATIERES K, FLETCHER T D, DELETIC A, et al. Nutrient and sediment removal by storm water biofilters: A large-scale design optimization study[J]. Water Research, 2008, 42(14): 3930-3940. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.009 [38] 张倩倩.水文条件下的城市雨水花园植物配置研究[D].西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2016. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=degree&id=D01089971 [39] READ J, WEVILL T, FLETCHER T, et al. Variation among plant species in pollutant removal from stormwater in biofiltration systems[J]. Water Research, 2008, 42(4/5): 893-902. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/17915283 [40] HATT B E, FLETCHER T D, DELETIC A. Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater biofiltration systems at the field scale [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009, 365(3/4): 310-321. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=f8dc25c9f1c46425da46090113f36e89 [41] 刘佳妮.雨水花园的植物选择[J].北方园艺. 2010(17): 129-132. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/bfyany201017051 [42] REN L, XU L, ZHANG Y, et al. Effects of connection mode and hydraulic retention time on wastewater pollutants removal in constructed wetland microcosms[J]. Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 2016, 43(12): 1574-1581. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=e9507f232187aadfaf81bf8474a76ab7 [43] MAYO A W, MUTAMBA J. Effect of HRT on nitrogen removal in a coupled HRP and unplanted subsurface flow gravel bed constructed wetland[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2004, 29(15/16/17/18): 1253-1257. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=e1c301836c84202e4f19f7ace1aeccc7 [44] 刘兆昌、李广贺、朱琨.供水水文地质[M]. 4版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2011. [45] 林文煌, 杨学军, 张晔.探析雨水花园构造性能[J].产业创新研究, 2018(2): 41-45. [46] 仇付国, 陈丽霞.雨水生物滞留系统控制径流污染物研究进展[J].环境工程学报, 2016(4): 1593-1602. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hjwrzljsysb201604003 [47] HUNT W F, JARRETT A R, SMITH J T, et al. Evaluating bioretention hydrology and nutrient removal at three field sites in North Carolina[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2006, 132(6): 600-608. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2006)132:6(600) [48] HUNT W F, SMITH J T, JADLOCKI S J, et al. Pollutant removal and peak flow mitigation by a bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, NC[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce, 2008, 134(5): 403-408. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:5(403) [49] BROWN R A, HUNT W F. Impacts of media depth on effluent water quality and hydrologic performance of undersized bioretention cells[J]. Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Engineering, 2011, 137 (3) :132-143. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=f5bd9b5d8f6bd78471ede622989298bf [50] LI H, DAVIS A P. Water quality improvement through reductions of pollutant loads using bioretention[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce, 2009, 135(8): 567-576. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000026 [51] PASSEPORT E, HUNT W F, LINE D E, et al. Field study of the ability of two grassed bioretention cells to reduce storm-water runoff pollution[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2009, 135(4): 505-510. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000006 [52] BROWN R A, HUNT W F. Underdrain configuration to enhance bioretention exfiltration to reduce pollutant loads[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce, 2011, 137(11): 1082-1091. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000437 [53] CHEN X, PELTIER E, STURM B S M, et al. Nitrogen removal and nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria quantification in a stormwater bioretention system[J]. Water Research, 2013, 47(4): 1691-1700. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.12.033 [54] 高晓丽.道路雨水生物滞留系统内填料的研究[D].太原: 太原理工大学, 2014. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=degree&id=Y2693494 [55] 王晓璐, 左剑恶, 干里里, 等.复合填料生物渗滤系统处理城市雨水径流的研究[J].环境科学, 2015(7): 2518-2524. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/hjkx201507026 [56] 郭娉婷, 王建龙, 杨丽琼, 等.生物滞留介质类型对径流雨水净化效果的影响[J].环境科学与技术, 2016(3): 60-67. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/90776X/201603/668487987.html [57] 蒋春博, 李家科, 李怀恩.生物滞留系统处理径流营养物研究进展[J].水力发电学报, 2017(8): 65-77. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/slfdxb201708008 [58] 马明海, 张博, 黄民生, 等.上海市地理景观对夏季蚊虫孳生的影响[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015(2): 21-29. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2015.02.003 [59] LINDSEY G, ROBERTS L, PAGE W. Inspection and maintenance of infiltration facilities[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1992, 47(6): 481-486. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=CC027749340 [60] BARRETT M E, TAYLOR S. Retrofit of storm water treatment controls in a highway environment[C]//The Fifth Interational Conference of Sustainable Techniques and Strategies in Urban Water Management. Lyon: [s.n.], 2004: 243-250. [61] KANDRA H S, DELETIC A, MCCARTHY D. Assessment of impact of filter design variables on clogging in stormwater filters[J]. Water Resources Management, 2014, 28(7): 1873-1885. doi: 10.1007/s11269-014-0573-7 [62] 黄元璜.寒地稻作区水绵的危害及防除技术[J].黑龙江农业科学, 2008(5): 78-79. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2767.2008.05.029 [63] 王桂花, 晁宁利, 黄海涛.莲藕田水绵重发原因及防治措施[J].西北园艺(蔬菜), 2010(2): 50-51. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4183-B.2010.02.032 [64] SCHAFFNER F, MEDLOCK J M, VAN BORTEL W. Public health significance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe[J]. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2013, 19(8): 685-692. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12189 [65] GIANOTTI R L, BOMBLIES A, ELTAHIR E A B. Hydrologic modeling to screen potential environmental management methods for malaria vector control in Niger[J]. Water Resources Research, 2009, 45(8): 0494. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=123b227df8907bb2b1c1a8d144321aca [66] YAHOUEDO G A, DJOGBENOU L, SAIZONOU J, et al. Effect of three larval diets on larval development and male sexual performance of Anopheles gambiae s.s.[J]. Acta Tropica, 2014, 132(4): S96-S101. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=35f124d242493421fab7035b0d98254e [67] 周毅彬, 赵彤言, 冷培恩.孳生地治理对控制白纹伊蚊效果的研宄[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2009, 20(1): 3-6. http://www.cqvip.com/Main/Detail.aspx?id=29455341 [68] IBAÑZ-JUSTICIA A, TEEKEMA S, DEN HARTOG W, et al. The effectiveness of Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus japonicus) control actions in colonised peri-urban Areas in the Netherlands[J]. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2018, 55(3): 673-680. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjy002 -
点击查看大图
图(1) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 162
- HTML全文浏览量: 82
- PDF下载量: 184
- 被引次数: 0