Analysis of water and sediment characteristics in the main tributaries of the Yangtze River and their associated influence factors
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摘要: 雅砻江、岷江、嘉陵江和乌江的水沙特性是决定长江泥沙变异的关键因素之一, 关乎三峡水库的合理运行, 关系着长江流域水资源的合理开发利用及水生态平衡. 本文基于2002—2016年期间, 长江主要支流设置的桐子林、高场、北碚、武隆4所重要控制性水文站水文泥沙监测资料, 深入系统地探讨水文泥沙参量的变化特征及其影响因素, 借助统计软件SPSS进一步分析水文泥沙参量的相关性. 研究结果表明: 在时序上, 各支流年均含沙量、年输沙量、年输沙模数降低22.57%~91.54%, 年径流量雅砻江、岷江和乌江增大3.28%~17.96%, 嘉陵江降低1.58%; 嘉陵江和乌江的中值粒径增大50%~80%. 水电站的修建导致年均含沙量、年输沙量、中值粒径、年输沙模数降低5%~79.34%; 强降雨、滑坡、塌方、泥石流、溃坝等自然灾害以及人为诱发滑坡和向河道倾倒土石体致使年均含沙量、年输沙量、年输沙模数增大20%~702.94%. 参数间相关性由强到弱排序为年均含沙量和年输沙量/年输沙模数, 年径流量和年均含沙量, 年径流量和年输沙量/年输沙模数, 年均含沙量和中值粒径, 中值粒径和年输沙量/年输沙模数, 以及年径流量和中值粒径. 研究成果将为长江支流梯级电站的规划设计、三峡水库的合理运行提供理论支撑.Abstract: Water and sediment characteristics of Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River, and Wujiang River are one of the defining aspects of variation in Yangtze River sediment; they have influence on the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir, which is related to utilization of water resources in the Yangtze River Valley and equilibrium of the water ecosystem. This article is based on hydrological and sediment monitoring data from 2002—2016 of four important hydrological control stations set up in the main tributaries of the Yangtze River, which are Tongzilin, Gaochang, Beibei, and Wulong. Variation characteristics of hydrology and sediment parameters and their associated influence factors were studied systematically; correlations between hydrological and sediment parameters were subsequently analyzed by SPSS. The results showed that over time: the annual average sediment concentration, annual sediment load, and modulus of sediment transport of the tributaries of the Yangtze River decreased 22.57%~91.54%; the annual runoff of Yalong River, Minjiang River, and Wujiang River increased 3.28%~17.96%, but that of Jialing River decreased 1.58%; and the median size of sediment of the Jialing and Wujiang Rivers increased 50%~80%. Furthermore, cascade hydro power stations were built, which led to annual average sediment concentration, annual sediment load, median size of sediment, and modulus of sediment transport to decrease by 5%~79.34%. Natural disasters such us heavy rainfall, landslide, collapse, debris flow, dam-break, landslide under artificial conditions, and dumping earth rock into a river lead to annual average sediment concentration, annual sediment load, and modulus of sediment transport to increase by 20%~702.94%. Correlations between the parameters ranked from strong to weak are: annual average sediment concentration and annual sediment load/annual average sediment transport modulus, annual runoff and annual average sediment concentration, annual runoff and annual sediment load/annual average sediment transport modulus, annual average sediment concentration and median size of sediment, median size of sediment and annual sediment load/annual average sediment transport modulus, and annual runoff and median size of sediment. The research results will provide theoretical support for the planning and design of cascade hydropower stations in tributaries of the Yangtze River as well as operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
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表 1 长江主要支流及水文站概况
Tab. 1 General overview of the main tributaries and hydrologic stations of the Yangtze River
河道 河源 河口 流域面积/万km2 全长/km 落差/m 水文站 水文站地址 雅砻江 巴颜喀拉山南麓 攀枝花 12.84 1 571 3 830 桐子林 四川省攀枝花市盐边县桐子林镇 岷江 青藏高原东缘 宜宾 13.54 790 3 560 高场 四川省宜宾县高场镇七井村 嘉陵江 秦岭山地 重庆 15.61 1 119 2 300 北碚 重庆市北碚区龙凤桥镇白庙子 乌江 贵州省境内威宁县 涪陵 8.3 1 037 2 123.5 武隆 重庆市武隆区建设中路80号 表 2 长江主要支流水电站概况
Tab. 2 General overview of hydropower stations in the main tributaries of the Yangtze River
所在河道 水电站 蓄水时间/年 总库容/108m3 最大坝高/m 所在河道 水电站 蓄水时间/年 总库容/108m3 最大坝高/m 雅砻江 二滩 2000 58 240 嘉陵江 草街 2010 4.87 67 锦屏 2012 77.6 305 巨亭 2016 0.33 40 两河口 2017 101.54 295 亭子口 2013 42 116 官地 2013 7.6 168 嘉陵江白龙江 碧口 1977 5.21 101.8 乌江 东风 1994 10.25 162.3 珠宝寺 1996 25.5 132 索风营 2006 2.01 115.8 岷江 紫坪铺 2005 11.12 156 彭水 2008 5.18 116.5 岷江大渡河 双江口 2021 31.15 314 沙沱 2012 9.1 156 瀑布沟 2009 53.9 186 思林 2009 12.05 117 岷江黑水河 毛尔盖 2011 5.35 147 乌江渡 1982 23 165 构皮滩 2008 64.54 232 表 3 参数的显著性值
Tab. 3 Significance values of parameters
雅砻江 岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 年径流量 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 年均含沙量 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.2 年输沙量 0.018 0.137 0.2 0.109 中值粒径 — 0.2 0.2 0.098 表 4 年径流量和年均含沙量的相关性分析
Tab. 4 Correlation between annual runoff and annual average sediment concentration
雅砻江 岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 显著性水平 0.074 0.15 0.001 0.181 秩相关系数 0.667 0.373 0.76 0.359 表 5 年径流量和年输沙量/年输沙模数的相关性分析
Tab. 5 Correlation between annual runoff and annual sediment load, average sediment transport modulus
雅砻江 岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 显著性水平 0.026 0.03 0 0.051 秩相关系数 0.778 0.55 0.835 0.577 表 6 年径流量和中值粒径的相关性分析
Tab. 6 Correlation between annual runoff and median size of sediment
岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 显著性水平 0.317 0.077 0.796 秩相关系数 0.144 0.492 –0.072 表 7 年均含沙量和年输沙量/年输沙模数的相关性分析
Tab. 7 Correlation between annual average sediment concentration and annual sediment load, average sediment transport modulus
雅砻江 岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 显著性水平 0 0 0 0 秩相关系数 0.97 0.971 0.969 0.955 表 8 年均含沙量和中值粒径的相关性分析
Tab. 8 Correlation between annual average sediment concentration and median size of sediment
岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 显著性水平 0.009 0.129 0.019 秩相关系数 0.667 0.429 –0.571 表 9 年输沙量/年输沙模数和中值粒径的相关性分析
Tab. 9 Correlation between median size of sediment and annual sediment load, average sediment transport modulus
岷江 嘉陵江 乌江 显著性水平 0.091 0.094 0.032 秩相关系数 0.678 0.481 –0.527 -
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