崇明东滩保护区生态修复工程区的调水方案

鲁佩仪; 朱建荣; 袁琳; 田波; 潘家琳

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.201841035

崇明东滩保护区生态修复工程区的调水方案

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.201841035

华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海　200241

基金项目: 上海市科委重点项目(17DZ1201902)

详细信息

通讯作者:
朱建荣, 男, 教授, 博士生导师, 从事河口海洋学研究. E-mail: jrzhu@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P731.23
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- 文章访问数: 99
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-12-11
- 网络出版日期: 2019-12-25
- 刊出日期: 2020-01-01

Water transfer plan for the Ecological Restoration Project Area in Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai　200241, China

摘要

摘要: 上海市崇明东滩保护区生态修复工程区位于候鸟东亚-澳大利亚的迁徙路线上. 不同的鸟类对栖息地水深条件要求各异, 鸟类栖息地的水深管理需基于目标鸟种的食性特点与空间分布进行合理规划并设置不同的生境区块, 维持各个区块适宜的水深是候鸟保护区管理工作重点. 针对生态修复工程区南部C区中不同生境区块, 生境区水深大于最大临界水深时, 向随塘河排水, 低于最低临界水深时, 从随塘河引水. 随塘河通过涵闸在水位低于临界水位时从崇明东滩引水. 综合考虑蒸发、降水、植物蒸散和土壤下渗, 基于水量平衡原理, 计算出各个生境区水位和水深、随塘河水位变化, 生境区补水和排水、随塘河从崇明东滩引水的时间和水量. 研究成果可为生态修复工程区水量生态调控提出切实可行的补水方案, 为鸟类栖息地的保护与管理提供科学依据.
- 湿地 /
- 水量平衡 /
- 崇明东滩 /
- 候鸟保护区
Abstract: The Ecological Restoration Project Area in Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve is located in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Different bird species have their own unique requirements for habitat water depth. Water depths for bird habitats can be managed via habitat blocks; the blocks are divided based on the feeding characteristics and spatial distributions of the respective target bird species. Accordingly, the key to effective water depth management is to maintain a suitable water depth in each block. For internal habitat blocks in the southern C zone of the Ecological Restoration Project Area, when a block’s water depth is greater than the maximum critical depth, water is drained to the Suitang River, which sits outside the blocks and inside the coastal levee. Conversely, when the water depth decreases below the minimum critical depth, water is drawn from the Suitang River into the habitat blocks through the sluice gate from the outer Chongming Dongtan. Water level variations in the habitat blocks and the Suitang River and changes in mean water depth of each block are calculated according to water balance principles. These principles take into consideration evaporation, precipitation, plant evapotranspiration, and soil infiltration; moreover, the time and amount of water drained from the habitat blocks or the water drawn from the outer Chongming eastern shoal were also calculated and analyzed. The research results enable a scientific water replenishment plan for ecological water regulation at Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve and guidance for building favorable habitats for migratory birds.
- wetlands /
- water volume balance /
- Chongming Dongtan /
- birds nature reserve

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图 1 长江口崇明东滩国家级自然保护区位置(左上)和布局(左下),研究区域C区以及随塘河、内部生境区和闸门分布(右)

注: 左下图中白线范围之内为生态修复工程区, 本文研究对象为南侧C区(红线包围的范围);右图中为设计随塘河和各个内部生境区网格, 用于计算各网格点水位、水深和各区水量平衡

Fig. 1 Location (top left) and layout (bottom left) of Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve; the layout of the study area, block C, and the river inside the coastal levee, the internal habitat blocks, and the sluice gate(right)

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图 2 C区底高程分布

注: 基面为吴淞基面

Fig. 2 Distribution of elevation in block C

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图 3 自然状态下内部生境区水深随时间变化

Fig. 3 Temporal variation of water depth in the internal habitat blocks under natural conditions

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图 4 C1N区水位(上)和水深(下)随时间变化, 排水和引水时间与量值

注: 阴影带为生境区适宜水深调整变浅期间(图5—8同)

Fig. 4 Temporal variation of water level (upper) and water depth (lower) at block C1N as well as the timing and magnitude of draining and drawing water

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图 5 C1S区水位(上)和水深(下)随时间变化, 排水和引水时间与量值

Fig. 5 Temporal variation of water level (upper) and water depth (lower) at block C1S as well as the timing and magnitude of draining and drawing water.

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图 6 C2E区水位(上)和水深(下)随时间变化, 排水和引水时间与量值

Fig. 6 Temporal variation of water level (upper) and water depth (lower) at block C2E as well as the timing and magnitude of draining and drawing water.

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图 7 C2W区水位(上)和水深(下)随时间变化, 排水和引水时间与量值

Fig. 7 Temporal variation of water level (upper) and water depth (lower) at block C2W as well as the timing and magnitude of draining and drawing water.

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图 8 C4区水位(上)和水深(下)随时间变化, 排水和引水时间与量值

Fig. 8 Temporal variation of water level (upper) and water depth (lower) at block C4 as well as the timing and magnitude of draining and drawing water.

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图 9 随塘河水位随时间变化, 排水和引水时间与量值

Fig. 9 Temporal variation of water level in Suitang River as well as the timing and magnitude of draining and drawing water.

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表 1 崇明东滩全年各月平均降水量

Tab. 1 Monthly mean precipitation at Chongming Dongtan

月份	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月
降水量/mm	58	58	91	91	91	163

月份	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月
降水量/mm	163	163	91	58	45	45

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表 2 崇明东滩芦苇蒸散量

Tab. 2 Evapotranspiration of reed at Chongming Dongtan

月份	4月	5月	6—8月	9—10月
蒸散量/(mm·d^–1)	3.06	3	3.72	2.38

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表 3 C区水域和植物占地面积

Tab. 3 Water and plant area in block C

生境类型	面积/(×10⁴ m²)	百分比/%
内部生境区水域	187.9	20.74
随塘河	54.6	6.03
芦苇滩	319.9	35.32
海三棱藨草	28.4	3.14
光滩及裸地	272.4	30.07
沉水植物	42.6	4.70

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表 4 内部生境区不同月份最小和最大临界水深

Tab. 4 Minimum and maximum critical water depth in the internal habitat block across different months

区域	时间	最小和最大临界水深
C2W	12月至次年1月	提升至0.3~0.5 m
	1—5月	维持0.3~0.5 m
	5—6月	降水至0.1~0.3 m
	6—12月	维持0.1~0.3 m
C1N、C2E、C4	12月至次年1月	提升至0.3~0.5 m
	1—3月	维持0.3~0.5 m cm
	3—4月	降水至0.1~0.3 m
	4—12月	维持0.1~0.3 m
C1S	12月至次年1月	提升至0.3~0.5 m
	1—6月	维持0.3~0.5 m
	6—7月	降水至0.1~0.3 m
	7—12月	维持0.1~0.3 m

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表 5 不同水深下各个内部生境区的水域面积

Tab. 5 Water area of each internal habitat block at different water depths m²

	C1N区水域面积	C1S区水域面积	C2E区水域面积	C2W区水域面积	C4区水域面积
0.5 m水深	211 161	217 848	85 301	89 180	325 426
0.3 m水深	75 994	69 581	37 672	6 023	266 831
0.1 m水深	6 777	26 743	1 910	3 424	644

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