Differences in biodiversity of diurnal and nocturnal waterbirds between natural and artificial wetlands: A case study from Caohai Nature Reserve and Yangwanqiao Reservoir, Guizhou Province
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摘要: 为了比较贵州草海自然保护区（自然湿地）及毗邻的杨湾桥水库（人工湿地）水鸟多样性昼夜差异，在2010——2016年鸟类越冬时段主要采用样线法进行调查.白天调查结果显示：春季和冬季草海鸟类的数量、种类、特有种（仅在某种生境中出现的鸟类）和G-F指数均高于杨湾桥的相应值.夜间调查结果显示：冬季草海鸟类的数量、种类、特有种和G-F指数均显著高于杨湾桥，但是，春季两块湿地之间的鸟类数量、种类和特有种无显著性差异.在白天和夜间，不同觅食类群的鸟类和不同个体大小的鸟类在两块湿地之间数量均有较大的变化.滩涂面积、人为干扰、水泥堤坝和湖泊中心有无植被是引起这两块湿地鸟类群落结构差异性的主要因素.同时在白天和夜间统计鸟类可以更全面地反映鸟类对某个区域生境的利用情况.Abstract: In order to compare diurnal and nocturnal differences in waterbird biodiversity between Caohai Nature Reserve (natural wetland) and Yangwanqiao Reservoir (artificial wetland), we investigated waterbirds primarily using the line transect method during the wintering period from 2010 to 2016. The results from daylight hours indicated that avian abundance, richness, unique species, and the G-F index in Caohai Nature Reserve were all significantly higher than those observed in Yangwanqiao Reservoir, both in spring and winter. The results from nighttime indicated that avian abundance, richness, unique species, and G-F index in Caohai Nature Reserve were all significantly higher than those observed in Yangwanqiao Reservoir in winter. However, there were not significant differences in avian abundance, richness, and unique species observed between the two wetlands in spring. Birds with both different foraging ways and different body sizes varied significantly between the wetlands during daytime and nighttime. The size of mudflats, anthropological disturbances, cement banks, and emerging lake aquatic plants are the main factors that bring about differences in the waterbird community between the two wetlands. The status of habitat exploitation by waterbirds in a plot can be shown if avian distribution is observed both during daytime and nighttime.
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图 1 两块湿地不同觅食类群的鸟类于春季(a)及冬季(b)白天的数量分布
Fig. 1 Diurnal waterbird abundance during spring (a) and winter (b) with different foraging ways in the two wetlands
图 2 两块湿地不同大小个体的鸟类于春季(a)及冬季(b)白天的数量分布
Fig. 2 Diurnal waterbird abundance during spring (a) and winter (b) with different body sizes in the two wetlands
图 3 两块湿地不同觅食类群的鸟类于春季(a)及冬季(b)夜间的数量分布
Fig. 3 Nocturnal waterbird abundance during spring (a) and winter (b) with different foraging ways in the two wetlands
图 4 两块湿地不同大小个体的鸟类于春季(a)及冬季(b)夜间的数量分布
Fig. 4 Nocturnal waterbird abundance during spring (a) and winter (b) with different body-sizes in the two wetlands
表 1 两块湿地白天及夜间鸟类数量差异性
Tab. 1 Difference in diurnal and nocturnal waterbird abundance in the two wetlands
季节 样线条数/条 鸟类数量/(只$\cdot$样线$^{-1}$) 草海 杨湾桥 草海 杨湾桥 白天 春季 106 113 21.75$\pm $3.25 11.29$\pm $1.93 冬季 85 89 36.25$\pm $5.14 28.06$\pm $3.81 夜间 春季 35 35 11.14$\pm $2.16 9.74$\pm $1.61 冬季 36 36 26.08$\pm $6.97 8.36$\pm $1.72 
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表 2 两块湿地白天及夜间鸟类种类差异性
Tab. 2 Difference in diurnal and nocturnal waterbird richness in the two wetlands
季节 样线条数/条 鸟类种类/(种$\cdot$样线$^{-1}$) 草海 杨湾桥 草海 杨湾桥 白天 春季 106 113 5.689$\pm $0.373 3.752$\pm $0.265 冬季 85 89 6.459$\pm $0.382 5.236$\pm $0.284 夜间 春季 35 35 5.829$\pm $0.535 5.629$\pm $0.584 冬季 36 36 6.444$\pm $0.548 3.917$\pm $0.381
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附录 两块湿地鸟类名录及数量(平均值$\pm $标准误差)
附录 Avian list and abundance per line transect (mean$\pm $SE) in the two wetlands
鸟类目、科、种名 体长 白天数量/(只$\cdot$样线$^{-1}$) 夜间数量/(只$\cdot$样线$^{-1}$) 春季 冬季 春季 冬季 草海
($n$=106)杨湾桥
($n$=113)$P$值 草海
($n$=85)杨湾桥
($n$=89)$P$值 草海
($n$=35)杨湾桥
($n$=35)$P$值 草海
($n$=36)杨湾桥
($n$=36)$P$值 一、鸊鷉目Podicipediformes (一)鸊鷉科Podicipedidae 1小鸊鷉Tachybaptus ruficollis 27 1.53$\pm $0.36 0.97$\pm $0.19 1.16$\pm $0.42 0.47$\pm $0.15 1.06$\pm $0.22 0.71$\pm $0.17 1.14$\pm $0.30 0.75$\pm $0.19 2凤头鸊鷉Podiceps cristatus 50 0.08$\pm $0.03 0.06$\pm $0.03 0.27$\pm $0.07 0.48$\pm $0.11 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.14$\pm $0.06 0 + 3黑颈鸊鷉Podiceps nigricollis 30 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.02$\pm $0.02 0.05$\pm $0.02 0.12$\pm $0.05 0 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 二、鹈形目Pelecaniformes (二)鸬鹚科Phalacrocoracidae 4普通鸬鹚Phalacrocorax carbo 90 0.35$\pm $0.06 0.19$\pm $0.04 + 0.68$\pm $0.15 0.56$\pm $0.17 0.11$\pm $0.05 0.17$\pm $0.06 0.42$\pm $0.10 0.08$\pm $0.05 + 三、鹳形目Ciconiiformes (三)鹭科Ardeidae 5苍鹭Ardea cinerea 92 0.24$\pm $0.05 0.17$\pm $0.04 0.41$\pm $0.10 0.20$\pm $0.08 0.23$\pm $0.08 0.31$\pm $0.10 0.36$\pm $0.08 0.25$\pm $0.07 6大白鹭Egretta alba 95 0.09$\pm $0.03 0.01$\pm $0.01 + 0.04$\pm $0.02 0 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.08$\pm $0.05 0 7中白鹭Egretta intermedia 69 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.29$\pm $0.17 0.35$\pm $0.08 0 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 8白鹭Egretta garzetta 60 1.11$\pm $0.17 0.67$\pm $0.10 + 0.51$\pm $0.17 0.15$\pm $0.04 + 0.49$\pm $0.15 0.43$\pm $0.09 0.92$\pm $0.22 0.39$\pm $0.09 + 9牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis 50 0.08$\pm $0.03 0.29$\pm $0.09 $-$ 0 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 10池鹭Ardeola bacchus 47 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.14$\pm $0.05 $-$ 0 0 0.11$\pm $0.05 0.11$\pm $0.05 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 11夜鹭Nycticorax nycticorax 61 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.02$\pm $0.01 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0.11$\pm $0.07 0.11$\pm $0.05 0.06$\pm $0.04 0.08$\pm $0.05 12黄斑苇鳽Ixobrychus sinensis 32 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0.06$\pm $0.04 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 0 13黑鳽Dupetor flavicollis 54 0 0 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0 0 0 0 14大麻鳽Botaurus stellaris 75 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0.06$\pm $0.04 (四)鹳科Ciconiidae 15黑鹳Ciconia nigra 100 0 0 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0 0 0 0 16钳嘴鹳Anastomus oscitans 81 0.14$\pm $0.14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (五)鹮科Threskiornithidae 17白琵鹭Platalea leucorodia 84 0 0 0.05$\pm $0.03 0 0 0 0 0 四、雁形目Anseriformes (六)鸭科Anatidae 18大天鹅Cygnus cygnus 155 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0 0 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 19小天鹅Cygnus columbianus 142 0 0 0.11$\pm $0.06 0 0 0 0 0 20灰雁Anser anser 76 0.06$\pm $0.03 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.25$\pm $0.09 0.34$\pm $0.10 0 0 0 0 21斑头雁Anser indicus 70 0.47$\pm $0.14 0.17$\pm $0.10 4.67$\pm $2.14 4.22$\pm $1.21 0.23$\pm $0.12 0.43$\pm $0.21 4.36$\pm $2.44 1.58$\pm $0.82 22赤麻鸭Tadorna ferruginea 63 0.43$\pm $0.14 0.48$\pm $0.19 3.59$\pm $1.00 2.33$\pm $1.16 0.20$\pm $0.09 0.51$\pm $0.20 2.75$\pm $0.91 0.67$\pm $0.40 + 23翘鼻麻鸭Tadorna tadorna 60 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 0.16$\pm $0.07 0.07$\pm $0.04 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 0.11$\pm $0.09 24赤颈鸭Anas penelope 47 4.03$\pm $0.87 2.95$\pm $1.13 1.38$\pm $0.37 3.15$\pm $1.47 1.86$\pm $0.68 0.60$\pm $0.18 0.97$\pm $0.34 0.36$\pm $0.12 25罗纹鸭Anas falcata 50 1.51$\pm $0.43 0.44$\pm $0.16 + 1.25$\pm $0.38 1.47$\pm $0.43 0.54$\pm $0.25 0.57$\pm $0.21 1.03$\pm $0.49 0.22$\pm $0.12 26赤膀鸭Anas strepera 50 2.09$\pm $0.61 1.26$\pm $0.43 2.98$\pm $0.82 1.97$\pm $0.60 0.74$\pm $0.23 1.03$\pm $0.41 2.03$\pm $0.81 0.58$\pm $0.28 27绿翅鸭Anas crecca 37 0.61$\pm $0.21 0.12$\pm $0.06 + 0.78$\pm $0.22 0.27$\pm $0.09 + 0.40$\pm $0.15 0.37$\pm $0.16 0.58$\pm $0.22 0.47$\pm $0.22 28绿头鸭Anas platyrhynchos 58 0.12$\pm $0.04 0.10$\pm $0.03 1.80$\pm $0.43 1.48$\pm $0.62 0.14$\pm $0.09 0.20$\pm $0.13 0.42$\pm $0.18 0.14$\pm $0.06 29斑嘴鸭Anas poecilorhyncha 60 3.78$\pm $1.17 0.97$\pm $0.24 + 1.06$\pm $0.32 0.97$\pm $0.27 1.26$\pm $0.44 1.20$\pm $0.38 1.81$\pm $0.88 0.69$\pm $0.22 30针尾鸭Anas acuta 55 0.23$\pm $0.07 0.09$\pm $0.04 1.53$\pm $0.44 0.84$\pm $0.25 0.17$\pm $0.09 0.11$\pm $0.07 0.19$\pm $0.09 0.06$\pm $0.06 31白眉鸭Anas querquedula 40 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.02$\pm $0.01 0.08$\pm $0.05 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0.11$\pm $0.07 0.08$\pm $0.05 0 32琵嘴鸭Anas clypeata 50 0.04$\pm $0.02 0.07$\pm $0.03 0.14$\pm $0.07 0.08$\pm $0.05 0 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 33赤嘴潜鸭Netta rufina 55 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.06$\pm $0.03 0.07$\pm $0.03 0.04$\pm $0.02 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0.06$\pm $0.06 0.06$\pm $0.04 34红头潜鸭Aythya ferina 46 0.02$\pm $0.01 0 0.06$\pm $0.03 0.02$\pm $0.02 0.03$\pm $0.03 0.11$\pm $0.05 0 0.08$\pm $0.06 35青头潜鸭Aythya baeri 45 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 36白眼潜鸭Aythya nyroca 41 0.02$\pm $0.01 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0.06$\pm $0.04 0.06$\pm $0.04 0.03$\pm $0.03 37凤头潜鸭Aythya fuligula 42 0.04$\pm $0.02 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.25$\pm $0.11 0.55$\pm $0.20 0 0.06$\pm $0.04 0.08$\pm $0.05 0.03$\pm $0.03 38普通秋沙鸭Mergus merganser 68 0.06$\pm $0.03 0.04$\pm $0.03 0.12$\pm $0.06 0.07$\pm $0.03 0 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 五、鹤形目Gruiformes (七)鹤科Gruidae 39灰鹤Grus grus 125 0.18$\pm $0.08 0.19$\pm $0.07 3.54$\pm $1.32 2.47$\pm $0.71 0.23$\pm $0.14 0.43$\pm $0.17 2.83$\pm $1.21 0.39$\pm $0.25 40黑颈鹤Grus nigricollis 150 0.19$\pm $0.08 0.19$\pm $0.07 5.27$\pm $1.89 1.87$\pm $0.55 0.34$\pm $0.19 0.54$\pm $0.18 3.97$\pm $2.84 0.36$\pm $0.21 (八)秧鸡科Rallidae 41小田鸡Porzana pusilla 18 0.06$\pm $0.02 0 + 0.04$\pm $0.02 0 0 0 0.08$\pm $0.05 0 42棕背田鸡Porzana bicolor 22 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43黑水鸡Gallinula chloropus 31 0.96$\pm $0.24 0.31$\pm $0.07 + 0.73$\pm $0.24 0.53$\pm $0.14 0.63$\pm $0.18 0.37$\pm $0.09 0.36$\pm $0.08 0.44$\pm $0.08 44白骨顶Fulica atra 40 1.27$\pm $0.35 0.36$\pm $0.10 + 0.24$\pm $0.09 0 + 0.94$\pm $0.17 0.69$\pm $0.16 0.53$\pm $0.18 0.56$\pm $0.16 六、鸻形目Charadriiformes (九)反嘴鹬科Recurvirostridae 45黑翅长脚鹬Himantopus himantopus 37 0.13$\pm $0.08 0.04$\pm $0.04 0.07$\pm $0.05 0 0.14$\pm $0.06 0 + 0.08$\pm $0.08 0 (十)鸻科Charadriidae 46凤头麦鸡Vanellus vanellus 30 0.04$\pm $0.03 0 0.96$\pm $0.46 1.73$\pm $0.65 0.14$\pm $0.06 0.03$\pm $0.03 0.08$\pm $0.06 0 47灰头麦鸡Vanellus cinereus 35 0.11$\pm $0.05 0.08$\pm $0.05 0 0 0.14$\pm $0.07 0 0 0 48金鸻Pluvialis fulva 25 0 0.04$\pm $0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 49剑鸻Charadrius hiaticula 19 0.02$\pm $0.01 0 0.07$\pm $0.03 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0 0 0 50金眶鸻Charadrius dubius 16 0.17$\pm $0.10 0.06$\pm $0.04 0.85$\pm $0.37 0.01$\pm $0.01 + 0 0 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 51环颈鸻Charadrius alexandrinus 15 0.02$\pm $0.02 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.11$\pm $0.04 0.08$\pm $0.05 0 0 0 0 (十一)鹬科Scolopacidae 52孤沙锥Gallinago solitaria 29 0.02$\pm $0.01 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 53针尾沙锥Gallinagostenura 24 0.30$\pm $0.11 0.01$\pm $0.01 + 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0.20$\pm $0.12 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 0 54扇尾沙锥Gallinago gallinago 26 0.22$\pm $0.09 0.18$\pm $0.09 0.02$\pm $0.02 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 0 0 55大沙锥Gallinago megala 28 0.04$\pm $0.02 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 56鹤鹬Tringa erythropus 30 0.03$\pm $0.02 0 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.06$\pm $0.03 0.09$\pm $0.05 0 0 0 57红脚鹬Tringa totanus 28 0.02$\pm $0.01 0 0 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0 0 0 58青脚鹬Tringa nebularia 32 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.10$\pm $0.04 $-$ 0 0 0 0 0 0 59白腰草鹬Tringa ochropus 23 0.24$\pm $0.05 0.06$\pm $0.03 + 0.02$\pm $0.02 0.04$\pm $0.02 0.06$\pm $0.04 0 0.03$\pm $0.03 0 60矶鹬Actitis hypoleucos 20 0 0.12$\pm $0.05 $-$ 0 0 0 0 0 0 (十二)鸥科Laridae 61海鸥Larus canus 68 0.01$\pm $0.01 0 0.09$\pm $0.03 0.10$\pm $0.03 0 0 0 0 62棕头鸥Larus brunnicephalus 42 0.03$\pm $0.02 0.01$\pm $0.01 0.04$\pm $0.02 0.02$\pm $0.02 0 0 0 0 63红嘴鸥Larus ridibundus 40 0.25$\pm $0.05 0.12$\pm $0.04 + 0.25$\pm $0.05 0.81$\pm $0.19 $-$ 0.09$\pm $0.05 0.03$\pm $0.03 0.08$\pm $0.05 0.03$\pm $0.03 64普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo 35 0.04$\pm $0.02 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 注: $n$表示样线条数; $P$值栏的"+"表示草海鸟类数量显著高于杨湾桥, "$-$"表示杨湾桥鸟类数量显著高于草海
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