HIRAS channel selection for atmospheric CO2 retrievals
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摘要: 红外高光谱探测器（HIRAS）搭载于2017年11月15日发射的FY-3D卫星上，其探测范围覆盖15 μm及4.3 μm波段的CO2强吸收带，可用于反演CO2大气柱浓度，且可以与其他温室气体传感器数据比较印证，有助于组成全球CO2的监测星座.选择对CO2变化敏感而受其他参数干扰最小的波段，是卫星走向实用阶段前最重要的研究任务之一.本研究首先取HIRAS光谱分辨率较高的15 μm波段作为研究对象，利用逐线积分辐射传输模式，模拟了5种标准大气模式下卫星接收的大气出射辐射，分析了CO2与H2O、O3、地表温度和地表发射率等其他影响参数的敏感性；然后基于最优敏感性廓线选择的方法，以信噪比、CO2的响应和雅克比廓线为依据，选出了不同地区、不同季节背景下5组通道，并讨论了不同大气层结下通道特征的差异；最后假设在不同的仪器噪声下进行选择试验，指出了仪器噪声越低，越有助于选出CO2敏感高度在平流层的通道.通道选择的结果及特性亦可为未来同类仪器的设计提供参考.Abstract: The Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (HIRAS) instrument onboard the Feng Yun-3D (FY-3D) satellite, launched on November 15, 2017, can be employed to retrieve column concentration of CO2 with strong absorption band sat 15 μm and 4.3 μm. The HIRAS contributes to monitoring constellations for global CO2 observation by comparison with data of other greenhouse gas sensors. Thus, the selection of a band which is concurrently sensitive to CO2 changes and resistant to interference from other parameters is one of the most critical tasks to enable use of the satellite for practical applications. First, based on the line-by-line radiative transfer model, the HIRAS radiance in the hyperspectral 15 μm band was simulated for five standard atmospheric models, and the responses of given channels to the perturbation of CO2 and other atmospheric components (H2O, O3, surface temperature, and emissivity) were analyzed. Second, using the signal-to-interference ratio, the CO2 response, and the Jacobian profiles as criteria, five different sets of channels for each condition were selected by the Optimal Sensitivity Profile (OSP) method; this was accompanied by a discussion of channel differences for different atmosphere stratification. Third, experiments involving different levels of instrumental noise showed that the lower the instrument's noise, the more helpful it is to select a CO2 sensitive height in the stratosphere. The results of the channel selection in this paper present references for instrument design in the future.
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Key words:
- CO2 sensitivity /
- Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder /
- channel selection /
- Feng Yun 3
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图 1 HIRAS 15 $\mu$m通道的CO$_2$敏感性
注: (a)为热带, (b)为中纬度夏季, (c)为中纬度冬季, (d)为亚北极夏季, (e)为亚北极冬季; 单位为K; 虚线为$\Delta T_\mathrm B=0.0$ K
Fig. 1 HIRAS channel sensitivities to CO$_2$ in the 15 $\mu$m band
图 2 HIRAS 15 $\mu$m通道的H$_2$O敏感性
注: (a)为热带, (b)为中纬度夏季, (c)为中纬度冬季, (d)为亚北极夏季, (e)为亚北极冬季; 单位为K
Fig. 2 HIRAS channel sensitivities to H$_2$O in the 15 $\mu$m band
图 3 HIRAS 15 $\mu$m通道的O$_3$敏感性
注: (a)为热带, (b)为中纬度夏季, (c)为中纬度冬季, (d)为亚北极夏季, (e)为亚北极冬季；单位为K；虚线为$\Delta T_\mathrm B=0.0$ K
Fig. 3 HIRAS channel sensitivities to O$_3$ in the 15 $\mu$m band
图 4 HIRAS 15 $\mu$m通道的地表温度及发射率敏感性
注: (a)为热带, (b)为中纬度夏季, (c)为中纬度冬季, (d)为亚北极夏季, (e)为亚北极冬季; 单位为K
Fig. 4 HIRAS channel sensitivities to surface temperature and emissivity in the 15 $\mu$m band
图 5 热带地区33个CO$_2$通道OSP方法的3个选择标准
注: (a)扰动所引起的CO$_2$信号响应, 单位为K; (b)信噪比; (c)CO$_2$雅克比廓线峰值压强, 单位为hPa
Fig. 5 The three criteria for the 33 channels of the tropical set obtained with the OSP method
图 6 5种大气模式下CO$_2$反演通道的雅克比廓线
注: (a)为热带, (b)为中纬度夏季, (c)为中纬度冬季, (d)为亚北极夏季, (e)为亚北极冬季; 横坐标单位为K/(mL$\cdot$L$^{-1}$)
Fig. 6 The Jacobian profiles for CO$_2$ retrievals of five types of air mass
图 7 5种大气背景下反演CO$_2$通道的光谱位置
注: (a)为热带, (b)为中纬度夏季, (c)为中纬度冬季, (d)为亚北极夏季, (e)为亚北极冬季
Fig. 7 Spectral location of five types of air mass for CO$_2$ retrievals
表 1 AIRS, IASI, CrIS及HIRAS仪器载荷
Tab. 1 Instrument characteristics of the AIRS, IASI, CrIS, and HIRAS
参数 红外高光谱探测器 AIRS IASI CrIS HIRAS 分光技术 光栅式 干涉式 干涉式 干涉式 卫星机构 NASA/JPL EUMESTAT/CNES NOAA IPO NSMC 卫星平台 Aqua MetOp-A/B Suomi NPP FY-3D 运行高度/km 705 817 824 836 光谱范围/cm$^{-1}$ 649-1135 645-2760 650-1095 650-1136 1217-1613 1210-1750 1210-1750 2169-2674 2155-2550 2155-2550 光谱分辨率 0.25 cm$^{-1}$ 0.625/1.25/2.5 cm$^{-1}$ 0.625/1.25/2.5 cm$^{-1}$ 通道数 2378 8461 1305 1370 灵敏度（用户）
NE$\Delta$T/K0.15~0.35 0.2~0.35 0.14 0.15~0.4@250 0.06 0.1~0.7@250 0.007 0.3~1.2@250 空间分辨率
（星下点）/km13.5 12 14 16 视场/$(^{\circ})$ $\pm 49.5$ $\pm 48.3$ $\pm 50$ $\pm 50.4$ 幅宽/km 1 650 2 400 2 200 2 250 瞬时视场/$^{\circ}$ 1.1 0.822 5 0.963 1.1 发射日期 2002-5-4 2006-10-19
2012-9-172011-10-28 2017-11-15 
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表 2 5种大气模式下HIRAS反演CO$_{2}$的通道号
Tab. 2 The HIRAS channels of the five types of air mass for CO$_{2}$ retrievals
波数/cm$^{-1}$ 大气模式 波数/cm$^{-1}$ 大气模式 655(s) Tr, MLW, SAS, SAW 704.375(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 658.125(s) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS 706.25(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 662.5(s) MLW, SAS, SAW 706.875(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 663.125(s) MLS, SAS 709.375(t) MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 664.375(s) Tr, MLS, SAS 710.625(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 665(s) Tr, MLS 711.25(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 666.875(s) Tr 711.875(t) MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 667.5(s) MLW, SAS, SAW 716.25(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 668.125(s) MLW, SAS, SAW 716.875(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 668.75(s) MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 717.5(t) Tr 674.375(s) SAW 720.625(s) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 677.5(s) MLW, SAS 721.25(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 680.625(s) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS 721.875(t) Tr 694.375(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 725.625(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 695.625(t) Tr 733.125(t) Tr, MLS 696.25(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 733.75(t) Tr, MLS 697.5(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 736.25(t) MLS, MLW 698.125(t) Tr, MLS 737.5(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 699.375(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 738.125(t) MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 700.625(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 741.25(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 701.25(t) Tr 746.875(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 702.5(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 751.25(t) MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 703.75(t) Tr, MLS, MLW, SAS, SAW 注: Tro, MLS, MLW, SAS and SAW分别代表热带, 中纬度夏季, 中纬度冬季, 亚北极夏季以及亚北极冬季; (t)和(s)分别代表对流层和平流层通道
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表 3 5种大气模式下通道668.125 cm$^{-1}$的选择标准
Tab. 3 The criteria for five types of air mass at the 668.125 cm$^{-1}$ band
大气模式 敏感高度/hPa 雅克比 信噪比 CO$_{2}$亮温变化/K Tro 2.20 0.002 70 0.279 96 -0.038 99 MLS 2.41 0.003 07 0.573 01 -0.092 57 MLW 1.80 0.003 66 41.914 44 -0.156 76 SAS 2.48 0.003 44 43.901 87 -0.093 95 SAW 1.11 0.002 83 26.453 04 -0.143 64 注: Tro为热带, MLS为中纬度夏季, MLW为中纬度冬季, SAS为亚北极夏季, SAW为亚北极冬季; 雅克比单位为K/(mL$\cdot$L$^{-1}$)
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