The influence of environmental factors on the settlement of Spartina alterniflora on tidal flats
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摘要: 外来物种互花米草入侵给滨海湿地生态系统带来一系列生态危害.为了探究潮滩环境因子对互花米草入侵的影响，在上海南汇东滩选择了砂质与粉砂质两种不同类型的潮滩，由陆向海移栽互花米草根茎苗，同步监测不同样点高程、水动力、沉积物特性等环境因子及互花米草存活情况.通过冗余分析（Redundancy Analysis，RDA），研究影响互花米草根茎苗定植的主导环境因子.结果表明：（1）临界剪切应力、中值粒径、高程和最大流速对互花米草根茎苗定植有主导作用（P < 0.05）.（2）当潮滩类型不同时，影响互花米草根茎苗定植的主要环境因子也有所不同，具体表现为在北部砂质潮滩上，高程和中值粒径是影响互花米草定植的主导因素（P < 0.05），高程越高、中值粒径越小，互花米草根茎苗的存活率越高；在南部粉砂质潮滩上，临界剪切应力是互花米草根茎苗定植的主导因素（P < 0.05），并与互花米草根茎苗定植存在正相关关系.上述结果对互花米草入侵的机理研究与防控管理具有理论价值与指导意义.Abstract: The invasion of the exotic plant Spartina alterniflora has caused a series of ecological risks to coastal wetland ecosystems. In order to study the influence of environmental factors on the invasion of S. alterniflora, S. alterniflora rhizomes were transplanted from land to sea on two types of tidal flats (sandy and silty)in Nanhui Dongtan, Shanghai. We monitored environmental factors such as elevation, hydrodynamic conditions, sediment characteristics, and survival rates of S. alterniflora simultaneously. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) was used to analyze the dominant factors on the settlement of S.alterniflora. The results showed that:(1) The critical shear stress, median diameter, elevation, and maximum flow velocity had dominant effects on the settlement of S.alterniflora rhizome (P < 0.05). (2) The dominant environmental factors that affected S.alterniflora settlement were different on each of the tidal flat types. On the sandy flat (northern), elevation and median diameter were the dominant factors affecting S.alterniflora settlement (P < 0.05). The survival rate of S.alterniflora increased with an increase in elevation and with a decrease in sediment median diameter. On the silty flat (southern), critical shear stress was the dominant factor for the settlement of S.alterniflora (P < 0.05), and there was a positive correlation between critical shear stress and the survival rate of S.alterniflora. The results of the study have theoretical value and significance in guiding mechanism research, prevention, and control of S.alterniflora invasion.
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Key words:
- Spartina alterniflora /
- rhizome shoots /
- invasion /
- tidal flat /
- critical shear stress
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图 1 研究区域位置图(a), 北部潮滩移栽样点示意图(b), 南部潮滩移栽样点示意图(c)
注: N1——N5为北部潮滩移栽样点; S1——S5为南部潮滩移栽样点
Fig. 1 Map of the study area (a), schematic diagram of the sampling sites on the northern tidal flat (b) and on the southern tidal flat (c)
图 2 样点布设示意图(a), 移栽的互花米草根茎苗(b), ALEC及RBR仪器架设现场图(c), 沉积物临界剪切应力测定的实验过程图(d)
注: 1——15为北部潮滩移栽样方, (16)——(30)为南部潮滩移栽样方, N1(70 m)表示N1样点距大堤距离为70 m, S1(50 m)表示S1样点距大堤距离为50m, 其余以此类推
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of a sample layout (a), transplant of S. alterniflora rhizomes (b), the typical setup of ALEC and RBR instruments (c), and experimental setup for measurement of sediment critical shear stress (d)
图 5 各样点沉积物组分的谢帕德三角图
Fig. 5 The Shepard ternary diagram of sediment components at each site
图 7 北部潮滩及南部潮滩互花米草根茎苗存活率
注: (a)互花米草根茎苗存活率随天数的变化, (b)互花米草根茎苗存活率随繁殖体大小的变化, (c)互花米草根茎苗存活率随环境梯度的变化
Fig. 7 The survival rate of S. alterniflora rhizomes in the northern and southern tidal flats
图 8 南汇东滩互花米草存活率与潮滩环境因子的RDA排序图
注: 蓝色箭头表示生物变量, 蓝色数字1、3、……20分别代表 1株/m2、3株/m2、……20株/m2的繁殖体大小; 红色箭头表示环境变量; 黑色圆圈和黑色三角分别表示北部潮滩和南部潮滩的移栽样方, 其中实心圆圈或三角代表消浪堤内的移栽样方, 空心圆圈或三角代表消浪堤外的移栽样方
Fig. 8 RDA ordination diagram of S. alterniflora survival rates and environmental factors in the Nanhui Dongtan
图 9 北部砂质潮滩互花米草存活率与环境因子的RDA排序图
注: 蓝色箭头表示生物变量, 蓝色数字1、3、...20分别代表 1株/m2、3株/m2、...20株/m2的繁殖体大小; 红色箭头表示环境变量; 黑色实心圆点表示消浪堤内的移栽样方, 黑色空心圆点表示消浪堤外的移栽样方
Fig. 9 RDA ordination diagram of S.alterniflora survival rates and environmental factors on the northern sandy flat
图 10 南部粉砂质潮滩环境因子的RDA排序图
注: 蓝色箭头表示生物变量, 蓝色数字1、3、...20分别代表 1株/m2、3株/m2、...20株/m2的繁殖体大小; 红色箭头表示环境变量; 黑色实心三角表示消浪堤内的移栽样方, 黑色空心三角表示消浪堤外的移栽样方
Fig. 10 RDA ordination diagram of S. alterniflora survival rates and environmental factors on the southern silty flat
表 1 潮滩环境因子的重要性排序及显著性检验
Tab. 1 The relative importance and significance level of different tidal flat environmental factors
排序 环境因子 对生物数据的解释量/% 对生物-环境关系的解释量/% F P 1 τ 13.9 36.4 4.508 0.004 2 D50 13.6 35.6 4.420 0.006 3 mflow 10.4 27.2 3.256 0.014 4 ele 10.2 26.7 3.178 0.008 5 wave 5.9 15.4 1.762 0.114 6 flow 5.7 14.9 1.692 0.148 VIF>20 mwave 5.3 / 1.563 0.220 第一轴 23.5 12.1 7.051 0.002 第二轴 33.5 76 3.472 0.160 
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表 2 北部砂质潮滩环境因子的重要性排序及显著性检验
Tab. 2 The relative importance and significance level of environmental factors on the northern tidal flat
排序 环境因子 对生物数据的解释量/% 对生物-环境关系的解释量/% F P 1 ele 32.4 69.2 6.236 0.002 2 D50 23.4 50.0 3.965 0.006 3 τ 14.3 30.6 2.167 0.088 4 flow 8.8 18.8 1.261 0.268 5 wave 4.4 9.4 0.678 0.596 VIF>20 mflow 25.5 / 4.448 0.002 VIF>20 mwave 5.2 / 0.713 0.612 第一轴 34.0 72.6 4.63 0.034 第二轴 41.1 87.9 1.095 0.866
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表 3 南部粉砂质潮滩环境因子的重要性排序及显著性检验
Tab. 3 The relative importance and significance level of environmental factors on the southern tidal flat
排序 环境因子 对生物数据的解释量/% 对生物-环境关系的解释量/% F P 1 τ 26.3 56.4 4.645 0.002 2 wave 12.3 26.4 1.820 0.148 3 flow 10.2 21.9 1.481 0.206 4 ele 7.3 15.7 1.024 0.388 5 mflow 1.1 2.4 0.148 0.974 VIF>20 D50 26.3 / 4.636 0.002 VIF>20 mwave 11.1 / 1.617 0.150 第一轴 42.8 91.8 7.489 0.002 第二轴 45.6 97.8 0.998 0.942
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