Species composition and distribution pattern of weed communities in Chongqing metropolis
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摘要: 采用网格法在我国典型的山地城市重庆主城区内设置了86个1 km × 1 km的样地, 全面调查了杂草物种组成, 并分析和探讨了城市化背景下杂草物种组成特征及多样性分布格局. 结果如下: ① 共记录杂草69科223属301种, 包含物种最多的科为菊科和禾本科; ② 一年生杂草和矮生长型杂草占优势; ③ 以本地杂草为主, 外来杂草和外来入侵杂草分别有31种和11种; ④ 高、中和低城市化区杂草物种组成相似性较低, 并且优势种组成差异较大; ⑤ 高城市化区样方杂草物种数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著低于中城市化区和低城市化区(p < 0.01); ⑥ 样方杂草物种数随着样地与城市中心距离的增加波动, 呈“波浪形”模式. 综上, 城市化对山地多中心城市的杂草物种组成和多样性均具有明显影响, 但导致的城市化梯度变化格局有异于平原单中心城市的模式.Abstract: We arranged 86 1 km × 1 km vegetation surveying plots in Chongqing metropolis using the grid method. The plots were used to investigate the species composition and distribution pattern of weed communities in the context of rapid urbanization. The findings of the study were as follows: ① 301 weed species belonging to 223 genera and 69 families were recorded. Among the recorded species, species of the Compositae and Gramineae were the most abundant; ② Annual weeds and dwarf weeds were the dominant types of weed species; ③ The weed communities in Chongqing metropolis were primarily comprised of native species. There were 31 exotic weed species and 11 invasive weed species recorded in the study; ④ The similarities in weed species composition across high-, medium- and low-urbanization areas were low. Additionally, the composition of dominant species within the weed community varied by area; ⑤ Urbanization had impacted weed biodiversity, evidenced by the lower number of weed species and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the high urbanization areas compared to that of the medium and low urbanization areas; ⑥ The number of weed species in the 86 sample plots showed a polycentric pattern with increasing distance between the survey plot and city center. Overall, urbanization had a significant impact on the composition and diversity of weed communities in mountainous multi-center cities, but the urbanization gradient of weed species is different from that of plain single-center cities.
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Key words:
- urban weeds /
- species composition /
- diversity pattern /
- urbanization /
- mountainous cities
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图 1 调查样地设置示意图
注: 红色方块代表高城市化区、蓝色方块代表中城市化区、绿色方块代表低城市化区, 城市化区划分方式和标准见表1
Fig. 1 Map showing the study area and spatial distribution of vegetation surveying plots
图 2 重庆主城区杂草生活型(a)和生长型(b)组成
Fig. 2 Life forms (a) and growth forms (b) of the weed communities in Chongqing metropolis
图 4 春季(a)和秋季(b)城市化梯度上杂草物种组成Jaccard相似性指数比较
Fig. 4 Jaccard index in the spring (a) and autumn (b) along the urbanization gradient in Chongqing metropolis
图 5 春季(a)和秋季(b)重庆主城区样方杂草物种数与样地距离的关系
Fig. 5 Relationship between the number of weed species and the distance between plots in spring (a) and autumn (b) in Chongqing metropolis
图 6 重庆主城区城市化梯度上春季样方物种数(a); 秋季样方物种数(b); 春季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(c)和秋季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(d)
注: 不同字母表示具有显著的差异, p < 0.01
Fig. 6 Number of species in spring (a) and autumn (b); Shannon-Wiener index in spring (c) and autumn (d) for the weed communities along the urbanization gradient in Chongqing metropolis
表 1 重庆主城区调查样地城市化梯度划分
Tab. 1 Classification of the urbanization gradient in Chongqing metropolis
城市化梯度 不透水率(I ) 样地数 高城市化区 50% < I ≤ 100% 25 中城市化区 20% < I ≤ 50% 32 低城市化区 0 < I ≤ 20% 29 
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表 2 重庆主城区杂草科属组成
Tab. 2 Species composition of the weed communities in Chongqing metropolis
科 属/种 科 属/种 科 属/种 菊科 Compositae 38/49 毛茛科 Ranunculaceae 2/3 海金沙科 Lygodiaceae 1/1 禾本科 Gramineae 34/43 蔷薇科 Rosaceae 3/3 旱金莲科 Tropaeolaceae 1/1 唇形科 Labiatae 15/18 茄科 Solanaceae 2/3 胡麻科 Pedaliaceae 1/1 蓼科 Polygonaceae 4/13 紫草科 Boraginaceae 3/3 虎耳草科 Saxifragaceae 1/1 苋科 Amaranthaceae 4/10 败酱科 Valerianaceae 1/2 锦葵科 Malvaceae 1/1 豆科 Leguminosae 6/8 灯心草科 Juncaceae 1/2 蕨科 Pteridiaceae 1/1 伞形科 Umbelliferae 8/8 凤尾蕨科 Pteridaceae 1/2 爵床科 Acanthaceae 1/1 莎草科 Cyperaceae 6/8 姬蕨科 Dennstaedtiaceae 2/2 里白科 Gleicheniaceae 1/1 荨麻科 Urticaceae 5/8 堇菜科 Violaceae 1/2 龙胆科 Gentianaceae 1/1 十字花科 Cruciferae 6/7 桔梗科 Campanulaceae 2/2 马鞭草科 Verbenaceae 1/1 玄参科 Scrophulariaceae 3/7 藜科 Chenopodiaceae 1/2 马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae 1/1 石竹科 Caryophyllaceae 5/6 柳叶菜科 Onagraceae 2/2 牻牛儿苗科 Geraniaceae 1/1 天南星科 Araceae 5/6 落葵科 Basellaceae 2/2 木贼科 Equisetaceae 1/1 鸭跖草科 Commelinaceae 2/6 马齿苋科 Portulacaceae 2/2 苹科 Marsileaceae 1/1 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae 3/5 葡萄科 Vitaceae 2/2 忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae 1/1 葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae 4/5 茜草科 Rubiaceae 2/2 三白草科 Saururaceae 1/1 旋花科 Convolvulaceae 4/5 石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae 2/2 桑科 Moraceae 1/1 金星蕨科 Thelypteridaceae 2/4 薯蓣科 Dioscoreaceae 1/2 商陆科 Phytolaccaceae 1/1 百合科 Liliaceae 3/3 罂粟科 Dioscoreaceae 1/2 藤黄科 Guttiferae 1/1 报春花科 Primulaceae 1/3 酢浆草科 Oxalidaceae 1/2 铁角蕨科 Aspleniaceae 1/1 车前科 Plantaginaceae 1/3 川续断科 Dipsacaceae 1/1 香蒲科 Typhaceae 1/1 景天科 Crassulaceae 1/3 番杏科 Aizoaceae 1/1 鸢尾科 Iridaceae 1/1 鳞毛蕨科 Dryopteridaceae 3/3 凤仙花科 Balsaminaceae 1/1 紫茉莉科 Nyctaginaceae 1/1
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表 3 春季重庆主城区城市化梯度上杂草优势种生活型特征和频率
Tab. 3 Frequency and life form characteristics of the dominant weed species in spring season
物种名 科 生活型 高城市化区 中城市化区 低城市化区 蒲儿根 Sinosenecio oldhamianus 菊科 多年生草本 12/22 21/29 19/27 黄鹌菜 Youngia japonica 菊科 一年生草本 11/25 20/32 11/28 葎草 Humulus scandens 桑科 一年生草本 11/17 17/24 20/27 蜈蚣草 Eremochloa ciliaris 禾本科 多年生草本 10/22 10/27 -/24 龙葵 Solanum nigrum 茄科 一年生草本 7/22 11/28 9/26 喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides 苋科 多年生草本 6/23 -/31 12/28 窃衣 Torilis scabra 伞形科 一年生草本 5/15 12/27 13/28 接骨草 Sambucus chinensis 忍冬科 多年生草本 5/9 13/19 17/26 鹅观草 Roegneria kamoji 禾本科 多年生草本 2/3 -/25 9/9 羊蹄 Rumex japonicus 蓼科 多年生草本 2/2 10/10 -/21 斑茅 Saccharum arundinaceum 禾本科 多年生草本 2/2 4/4 -/1 艾 Artemisia argyi 菊科 多年生草本 -/11 11/11 14/14 五节芒 Miscanthus floridulus 禾本科 一年生草本 -/3 4/6 7/10 蕨 Pteridium aquilinum 蕨科 多年生草本 -/2 -/3 7/7 注: “/”前的数字表示该杂草成为优势种的样地数, “/”后的数字表示该杂草在相应城市化区样地出现次数, “-”表示该杂草不是相应区域内的优 势种; 表 4 同
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表 4 秋季重庆主城区城市化梯度上杂草优势种生活型特征和频率
Tab. 4 Frequency and life form characteristics of the dominant weed species in autumn season
物种名 科 生活型 高城市化区 中城市化区 低城市化区 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis 禾本科 一年生草本 12/23 11/30 9/28 葎草 Humulus scandens 桑科 一年生草本 11/16 23/26 18/22 狗尾草 Setaria viridis 禾本科 一年生草本 6/19 7/22 6/27 狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon 禾本科 多年生草本 6/12 -/15 -/15 白茅 Imperata cylindrica 禾本科 多年生草本 6/7 6/10 5/14 蜈蚣草 Eremochloa ciliaris 禾本科 多年生草本 5/21 -25 -/19 钻叶紫菀 Aster subulatus 菊科 一年生草本 5/17 13/23 9/22 艾 Artemisia argyi 菊科 多年生草本 4/12 -/21 -/28 鬼针草 Bidens pilosa 菊科 一年生草本 4/9 6/10 7/22 斑茅 Saccharum arundinaceum 禾本科 多年生草本 3/3 -/3 -/1 小蓬草 Conyza canadensis 菊科 一年生草本 2/19 -28 -/23 喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides 苋科 多年生草本 -/24 17/31 14/29 接骨草 Sambucus chinensis 忍冬科 多年生草本 -/10 10/16 9/23 牛膝 Achyranthes bidentata 苋科 多年生草本 -/9 8/15 3/12 荩草 Arthraxon hispidus 禾本科 一年生草本 -/4 7/13 9/18 五节芒 Miscanthus floridulus 禾本科 一年生草本 -/4 7/8 8/10
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