源自青藏高原的大河流域近期入海物质通量变化及其影响分析

章啸程; 蒋雪中

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.201941006

源自青藏高原的大河流域近期入海物质通量变化及其影响分析

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.201941006

章啸程¹,
蒋雪中^{2, 3, ,}

1.
华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海　200241
2.
华东师范大学全球创新与发展研究院, 上海　200062
3.
华东师范大学城市与区域科学学院, 上海　200241

基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)子课题(XDA20100311); 华东师范大学一带一路与全球发展研究院专项课题(ECNU-BRGD-201806)

详细信息

通讯作者:
蒋雪中, 男, 副教授, 主要从事自然地理与数字流域研究. E-mail: xzjiang@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: P596
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-02-01
- 网络出版日期: 2020-05-29
- 刊出日期: 2020-05-01

Material flux variation and mechanism analysis of different rivers originating from the Tibetan Plateau

ZHANG Xiaocheng¹,
JIANG Xuezhong^{2, 3
, ,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai　200241, China
2.
Institute for Global Innovation and Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai　200062, China
3.
School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai　200241, China

摘要

摘要: 亚洲多条大河源自青藏高原地区, 各流域水资源的变化一方面反映了青藏高原的变化, 另一方面与流域国家间的水资源利用关系密切. 基于1995年和2015年两期土地利用现状遥感监测数据和源自青藏高原的6条主要河流水沙及氮、磷、硅等营养盐通量数据, 尝试分析不同流域河流入海物质通量变化及影响因素. 结果表明: 1995—2015年, 印度河和布拉马普特拉河径流显著减少, 长江入海径流阶段性下降, 恒河增加而黄河和湄公河径流总体变化不大. 长江、黄河和印度河输沙量显著减少(p < 0.05). 营养盐通量方面, 黄河、湄公河溶解无机氮呈上升趋势而长江略有下降. 氮磷通量主要受径流量的影响, 硅酸盐通量主要受输沙影响, 与输沙变化一致. 坝库兴建、土地利用类型变化和农药化肥使用减少了泥沙输送且改变了营养盐输送. 社会经济发展阶段更高的流域, 氮磷总量增加, 输沙减少. 研究河流入海物质通量, 掌握各流域本底数据, 为实现流域水资源调控及建设流域命运共同体提供基础.
- 大河流域 /
- 物质通量 /
- 土地利用变化 /
- 机制分析
Abstract: Many large rivers in Asia originate from the Tibetan Plateau. Changes in the rivers reflect not only changes in the Tibetan Plateau itself, but also relate closely to water resource utilization in the respective basin countries. Changes in terrestrial materials entering the sea reveal the impact of human activities on land-sea interactions in the basin. With changes in natural conditions and socio-economics, material flux from the basin has evolved over time. In this resarch, material flux was compared quantitatively by analysis of the water discharge, sediment load, and nutrient volumes for elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon in the Yangtze, Yellow, Mekong, Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra Rivers. In addition, the mechanism of variation was discussed by comparison of two phases of land use and land cover in 1995 and 2015, which were extracted from remote sensed image mapping. The results revealed that the runoff of the Yangtze, Indus, and Brahmaputra Rivers decreased significantly from 1995 to 2015, but the Ganges increased over the same period. The Mekong River runoff changed slightly and fluctuated year to year. However, the sediment transportation from river to sea in the Yangtze, Yellow, and Indus Rivers reduced substantially at a statistically significant level (p < 0.05). In terms of nutrient element flux, the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) of the Yellow and Mekong Rivers showed an upward trend and the Yangtze River DIN decreased by about 26.5%. The total phosphorus and silicon flux in the Yangtze and Mekong Rivers did not change much, while the dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in the Yellow River decreased. The nitrogen and phosphorus flux was mainly affected by runoff, and the silicate flux was influenced by variations in sediment loads. Furthermore, dam construction, usage of pesticides and fertilizers, and changes in land use have changed the proportion of nutrient elements. An increase in industrial activity, agricultural development, and water conservancy facilities, resulted in a higher total nitrogen and phosphorus flux and more significant reduction in sediment loads. Understanding the material flux data of each basin is of great significance for management departments to build basins with common goals and use water resources reasonably and effectively.
- basin /
- material flux /
- land use change /
- mechanism analysis

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图 1 研究区域概貌

Fig. 1 Overview of the research area

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图 2 源自青藏高原的主要河流1990—2015年径流量和输沙量年际变化

Fig. 2 Interannual variation of runoff and sediment loads of the main rivers in the Tibetan Plateau from 1990 to 2015

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图 3 长江、黄河和湄公河入海N、P、Si通量年际变化

Fig. 3 Interannual variation of N, P, and Si flux in the Yangtze, Yellow, and Mekong Rivers

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图 4 黄河流域径流量和降水量的变化

Fig. 4 Variation in runoff and precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

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图 5 下湄公河流域国家人口总数(a)和化肥消费量情况(b)

Fig. 5 Population (a) and fertilizer consumption (b) in the Lower Mekong River Basin

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表 1 流域基本信息

Tab. 1 Basic information about the basins

河流名称	流域面积/ ( × 10⁴ km²)	年均径流量/ ( × 10⁸ m³)	年均输沙量/ ( × 10⁸ t)	降水量/ mm	时间年限	数据来源
长江	180	8 931	3.68	1 049	1951—2015	长江泥沙公报, 2015
黄河	80.8	292.8	6.74	453	1950—2015	黄河泥沙公报, 2015
湄公河	79.6	3 049	0.95	1 540	1962—2013	MRC, 2010
恒河	105.3	3 549	3.16	1 127	1980—2003	Islam, 1999和Jian, 2009
印度河	127.1	665.2	0.72	459	1960—2001	Walling, 2009
布拉马普特拉河	60.9	6 773	7.21	1 569	1980—2003	Islam, 1999和Jian, 2009

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表 2 青藏高原主要河流年径流输沙通量变化趋势Mann-Kendall检验

Tab. 2 Mann-Kendall test table for annual runoff and sediment transport trends of major rivers in the Tibetan Plateau

河流名称	时间序列	年均径流量/ (× 10⁸ m³)	年均输沙量/ (× 10⁸ t)	径流量		输沙量
河流名称	时间序列	年均径流量/ (× 10⁸ m³)	年均输沙量/ (× 10⁸ t)	Z_c	显著水平	Z_c	显著水平
恒河	1990—2003	3 549.9	–	1.53	0.1	–	–
布拉马普特拉河	1990—2003	6 773	–	–1.97	0.1	–	–
黄河	1990—2015	152.3	2.26	0.66	> 0.1	–3.04	0.05
长江	1990—2015	8 966	2.35	–1.59	0.1	–4.98	0.05
湄公河	1990—2013	3 091.46	1.01	0.06	> 0.1	–	–
印度河	1990—2001	409.6	0.33	–2.4	0.05	–2.06	0.05

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表 3 1995—2015年长江、黄河、湄公河、恒河、印度河和布拉马普特拉河流域土地利用/土地覆被类型面积变化

Tab. 3 Variation of land use/land cover in the Yangtze, Yellow, Mekong, Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra River Basins from 1995 to 2015

	长江		黄河		湄公河		恒河		布拉马普特拉河		印度河
	面积	变化率	面积	变化率	面积	变化率	面积	变化率	面积	变化率	面积	变化率
草地	–11 887.83	–0.66%	–14 966.75	–1.85%	–991.80	–0.12%	1 473.84	0.14%	2 634.03	0.39%	17 558.46	1.38%
耕地	–11 080.63	–0.62%	–2 002.33	–0.25%	19 902.24	2.50%	–5 570.10	–0.53%	1 712.43	0.26%	–3 359.43	–0.26%
建设用地	16 539.24	0.92%	6 267.68	0.78%	2 136.06	0.27%	5 122.08	0.49%	729.00	0.12%	6 487.38	0.51%
林地	–6 804.11	–0.38%	7 799.96	0.96%	–23 272.4	–2.92%	–179.64	–0.02%	–2 206.53	–0.40%	–842.58	–0.07%
水域	5 001.28	0.28%	1 358.84	0.17%	398.79	0.05%	1 103.22	0.10%	–450.00	–0.08%	219.96	0.02%
未利用土地	8 231.71	0.46%	1 542.78	0.19%	1 831.59	0.23%	–1 949.40	–0.19%	–1 778.22	–0.30%	–20 063.80	–1.58%

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表 4 6大流域基本社会经济情况

Tab. 4 Social and economic information of the 6 basins

	人口总数/(×10⁸人)	人均GDP/(×10⁴元)	耕地面积比重/%	建设面积比重/%	坝库容量/km³	发展阶段
长江	4.50	5.43	26.18	2.68	430.47	一
黄河	1.31	2.20	26.93	2.71	120.53	二
湄公河	0.74	1.72	43.84	0.38	104.13	二
印度河	2.67	0.71	40.42	0.59	27.82	三
恒河	5.61	0.97	68.63	0.70	224.01	三
布拉马普特拉河	1.02	0.52	20.55	0.16	6.72	三

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