What can the Maritime Silk Road learn from the rise and fall of the Songhai Empire?
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摘要: 本文主要讨论在15至16世纪时期西非桑海帝国前后的葡萄牙人在非洲所拥有的市场机会, 具体阐述桑海帝国与葡萄牙的贸易是如何扰乱其贸易格局, 从而影响其权力资源分配的. 由于受到剥削, 穿越撒哈拉沙漠的贸易被遗弃, 取而代之的是桑海帝国与葡萄牙人的海上贸易, 尽管帝国的主要城市位于萨赫勒地区. 为了更详细地解释桑海帝国的灭亡, 本文提出了以下问题: 为什么贸易格局的变化会导致桑海帝国的衰落? 对该问题进行研究的重要意义在于解释了西非局面的不稳定实际上是由于恐怖主义和社会紧张局势导致的. 一些早期被认为是该地区经济中心的地区如今已被弃用, 如廷巴克图(Timbuktu)、加奥(Gao)等. 如果穿越撒哈拉的贸易路线可以效仿在葡萄牙人到达前的15世纪时期的桑海帝国得以重新开放, 海上丝绸之路便有可能成为一个帮助稳定萨赫勒地区的机会. 贸易格局的变化虽然富有成效, 但却也造成了之前权力资源分配的不均衡. 15世纪与葡萄牙的贸易与之前的贸易(穿越撒哈拉的贸易)相辅相成, 最终导致了桑海帝国的溃败. 西非的大多数国家都是由于权力资源分配不均而陷入动荡局面中. 如果海上丝绸之路能够重新开启跨撒哈拉贸易, 它就有可能成为一个重要的贸易体系.
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Key words:
- Songhai Empire /
- power resources /
- Maritime Silk Road /
- Trans-Saharan trade
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Tab. 1 Slave exports from Africa on the Trans-Atlantic route
Period Number of slaves accounted for ratio/% 1450—1500 810001 - 1500—1600 3280002 2.9 1601—1700 1348000 12.0 1701—1800 6090000 54.2 1801—1900 34660003 30.9 Total 11232000 100.0 Note: 1）Mainly traded as a commodity along the Atlantic coast for gold as well as a small number exported to Europe and Atlantic islands； 2）Does not include up to 50 000 slaves exported to Europe and Atlantic islands. 3） Includes those exported as contract laborers or libertos[9] 
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[1] BRAUDEL F. Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century (III): The Prespective of the World [M]. English translation. New York: Williams Collins Sons & Row, 1984: 430-441. [2] BALDWIN D. Power analysis and world politics: New trends versus old tendencies [J]. World Politics, 1979, 31(2): 161-194. [3] CISSOKO S M. The Songhay from the 12th to the 16th century [M]// General History of Africa (IV): Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. 2000: 187-210. [4] LEVTZION N. The Cambridge History of Africa (III): From 1050 to 1600 [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008: 348-354. [5] Trans Saharam trade routes [EB/OL]. (2019-01-05)[2020-02-15]. https://www.worldheritagesite.org/connection/Trans+Saharan+trade+routes. [6] CEESAY H, GREEN T. Trans-Saharan trade: Origins, organization, and effects in the development of West Africa [EB/OL]. [2019-07-07]. https://wasscehistorytextbook.com/2-trans-saharan-trade-origins-organization-and-effects-in-the- development-of-west-africa/. [7] NEWITT M. The Portuguese in West Africa, 1415-1670, a Documentary History [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010: 151-152. [8] ILLIFE J. Africans: The History of a Continent [M]. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007: 131-136. [9] LOVEJOY P E. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa [M]. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. -
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