Comparative biological analysis to investigate the genetic hierarchy of the Indus valley civilization
-
摘要: 本文探索了约公元前2600年 ~ 公元1900年之间超过半个世纪印度古文明. 由于气候、经济和社会的变化, 使得其神秘消失, 它被埋藏了将近4000年, 直到英国和印度的考古学家在1920年偶然发现了它的废墟才被揭晓. 印度河流域有超过1000个定居点, 覆盖了至少100万平方公里, 即目前的巴基斯坦和印度西北部. 它是当时最大的城邦文明, 拥有一百万人口和强大的海军出口贸易到海湾和美索不达米亚(乌尔)的城市, 在那里发现了刻有印度河符号的物品. 在20世纪末, 发现了两个最大的遗址, 即莫亨霍达罗和哈拉帕, 这些遗址以其完善的城市卫生设施, 精美的宝石首饰和石雕而著称. 对哈拉帕(巴基斯坦)和法玛纳(印度)地区人类牙齿同位素数据(锶和铅)的分析, 可以探究地球生物的化学迁移史和印度河域墓葬传统. 另外, 生物考古学的分析还揭示了由于气候变化和社会经济的破坏, 疾病(包括传染病、创伤、关节病和牙科疾病)发病率从古到今都在增加. 本文也为研究过去种群内部和种群之间的遗传关系提供了线索.
-
Key words:
- Indus valley civilization /
- Harappa /
- Mohenjo-Daro /
- Pakistan archeological sites
-
Tab. 1 Chronology of the Indus Civilization
Period / Era Interval Regional cultural phrases Modern regions Early Harappan/Regionalization
(reaching back to Neolithic Mehargarh II)3200—2600 BC Amri-Nal Baluchistan, Sindh, North Gujarat Kot Diji North Sindh and Elsewhere Sothi-Siswal North Rajasthan, Haryana,
Eastern regionsDamb Sadaat Central Baluchistan Early–Mature Harappan Transition 2600—2500 BC Mature Harappan/Integration Era 2500—1900 BC Sindhi Harappan Sindh Kulli Harappan Baluchistan Sorath Harappan Gujarat, Saurashtra Punjabi Harappan Punjab Eastern Harappan Haryana, Rajasthan Late Mature Harrapan Phase/Localization Era 1900—1300 BC Sindhi Harappan Sindh Note: Adapted from Reference [10] Tab. 2 Proposed ancient Indus script signs
Sign Pictorial value Ideographic meaning Sign Pictorial value Ideographic meaning Jar Priest Bearer Officer or functionary Lance Warrior Jar + Bearer Officer with priestly duties Man Servant or lower functionary Lance + Bearer Officer with military duties Harrow Farmer, tiller, tenant Note: Adapted from Reference [14] -
[1] GWEN R S, ELAINE B K, BRETT C, et al. Infection, disease, and biosocial processes at the end of the Indus civilization [J]. PlosOne, 2013, 8(12): e84814. [2] MARRIS E. Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus valley civilization [J]. Nature, 2014(3). [3] ROBINSON A. Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script [J]. Nature, 2015, 526: 499-501. [4] WELLS B K. Archaeology: A different take on Indus evidence [J]. Nature, 2016, 532: 313. [5] FAIRSERVIS W A. The script of the Indus valley civilization [J]. Scientific American, 1983, 248(3): 58-66. [6] PARPOLA A. The Indus script: A challenging puzzle [J]. World Archaeology, 1986, 17(3): 399-419. [7] KIVISILD T, ROOTSI S, METSPALU M, et al. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and castepopulations [J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003, 72(2): 313-332. [8] PATHAK A K, KADIAN A, KUSHNIAREVICH A, et al. The genetic ancestry of modern Indus valley populations from NorthwestIndia [J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2018, 103(6): 918-929. [9] LOVELL N C. Biological affinities, paleopathology, and chemical analyses (corrected proof) [M]// Bioarchaeology of the Indus ValleyCivilization. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. [10] BATES J. Social organization and change in the Indus Civilization; phytolith analysis of crop processing aims at Masudpur VII[J]. Bioscience Horizons: The National Undergraduate Research Journal, 2011, 4(1): 1-12. [11] LARSEN C S, HILLSON S W, BOZ B, et al. Bioarchaeology of neolithic Çatalhöyük: Lives and lifestyles of an early farming society intransition. [J]. Journal of World Prehistory, 2015, 28: 27-68. [12] MASUDA R, LOSEY R J, BAZALIISKII V I, et al. Ancient DNA analysis of marmot tooth remains from the Shamanka II andLokomotiv-Raisovet cemeteries near Lake Baikal: Species identification and genealogical characteristics [J]. Quaternary International,2015, 419: 133-139. [13] MUKHOPADHYAY B A. Interrogating Indus inscriptions through their context, structure and compositional semantics, to understandtheir inner logic of message conveyance [J]. Palgrave Communications, 2019, 5(73): 1-86. [14] POSSEHL G L. Indus Age: the Writing System [M]. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. [15] VALENTINE B, KAMENOV G D, KENOYER J M, et al. Evidence for patterns of selection urban migration in the greater Indus valley (2600-1900 BC): A lead and strontium isotope mortuary analysis [J]. Plos One, 2015, 10(4): e0123103