Distribution and causes of ruderal communities in different urban habitats of Hangzhou
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摘要: 在杭州城市化进程下, 调查了8种城市生境类型中杂草群落的种类组成与结构. 通过测定光照强度、土壤pH值、土壤电导率、土壤紧实度、土壤总氮、土壤总磷、土壤有机质及干扰类型等生境因子, 分析了杂草群落物种组成与生境因子的关系. 结果表明: 调查的1665个杂草样方中, 森林空隙和草坪是最为常见的生境类型, 涵盖的群落类型数量分别占总数的20.1%和16.3%; 除树池外的7种生境, 其群落优势种均以矮生长型的一年生杂草为主; 在8种生境中均有分布的杂草物种共有30种; 不同生境的环境因子存在差异, 森林空隙的光照强度最小, 灌草丛空隙的土壤电导率值最高, 土壤型废弃地的光照强度和土壤紧实度均最高.Abstract: With the ongoing urbanization process in Hangzhou, we investigated the species composition and structure of ruderal communities across eight urban habitat types. Habitat factors such as light intensity, soil pH, soil electrical conductivity, soil compaction, soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus, soil organic matter, and interference types were measured; we subsequently analyzed the relationship between species composition and habitat factors of the ruderal communities. The results indicated that forest gap and lawn were the most common habitat types, and these community types covered 20.1% and 16.3%, respectively, of the total 1665 sampling plots surveyed. In all seven habitats except tree pool, moreover, dwarf-growth annual ruderals were the dominant species within the community. There were 30 ruderal species distributed across eight habitats. Environmental factors varied across the different habitats. The light intensity was the lowest in the forest gap, the soil conductivity value was the highest in the shrub-grassland gap, and the light intensity and soil compactness were the highest in soil abandoned land.
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Key words:
- ruderal community /
- community diversity /
- habitat factor /
- urban habitat /
- Hangzhou
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图 2 研究样点选取示意图
注：1 主城；2—4 副城（2江南城，3下沙城，4临平城）； 5—10 组团（5塘栖组团，6良渚组团，7余杭组团，8临浦组团，9瓜沥组团，10义蓬组团）.
Fig. 2 Sampling sites in the study area
图 3 不同生境类型中群落优势种分布区类型组成
Fig. 3 Composition of areal types of the dominant species across different habitat types
图 4 不同生境类型中群落优势种生活型比例分布
注: Th 夏季一年生；Th(w) 冬季一年生；Ch 地上芽；G 地下芽；H 地面芽.
Fig. 4 Life form distribution of the dominant species across different habitat types
图 5 不同生境类型中群落优势种生长型比例分布
注: b 分枝型; l 藤蔓型; p 匍匐型; r 莲座型; t 丛生型; pr 短时期莲座型; ps 伪莲座型; e 直立型.
Fig. 5 Growth form distribution of the dominant species across different habitat types
图 6 不同生境类型内杂草群落物种多样性分布
注: 3条横线由下到上分别代表下四分位数(25%)、中位数(50%)、上四分位数(75%); 空心圆表示异常值;同组中不同字母a、b、c、d、e、f表示存在显著性差异(p < 0.05).
Fig. 6 Species diversity distribution of the ruderal community across different habitat types
图 7 样方及环境变量的RDA排序图
注：pH 土壤pH值; ECP 土壤电导率; SC 土壤紧实度; Light 样方光照条件.
Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis（RDA）of plots and environmental variables
表 1 城市生境类型特征表
Tab. 1 Traits of various urban habitats
生境类型 光照条件 水湿条件 干扰类型 干扰强度 森林空隙 FG 中-阴 中-湿 拔除、刈割 中-弱 灌草丛空隙 SG 中 中 践踏、刈割 中 农田 FL 阳-中 中 拔除 中-弱 草坪 LA 阳 干 践踏、刈割 强-中 砾石型废弃地 GA 阳 干 穿行、堆砌 不定 土壤型废弃地 SA 阳 干-中 穿行、堆砌 不定 路边缝隙 RG 不定 不定 践踏 强 树池 TP 中-阴 干-中 拔除 强-中 
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表 2 杭州城市杂草群落类型
Tab. 2 Classification system of ruderal communities in Hangzhou
优势种 拉丁名 优势种 拉丁名 铁苋菜 Acalypha australis 梓木草 Lithospermum zollingeri 牛膝 Achyranthes bidentate 黑麦草 Lolium perenne 看麦娘 Alopecurus aequalis 海金沙 Lygodium japonicum 喜旱莲子草 Alternanthera philoxeroides 泽珍珠菜 Lysimachia candida 反枝苋 Amaranthus retroflexus 红根草 Lysimachia fortune 苋 Amaranthus tricolor 狭叶珍珠菜 Lysimachia pentapetala 水苋菜 Ammannia baccifera 通泉草 Mazus japonicus 艾蒿 Artemisia argyi 薄荷 Mentha haplocalyx 荩草 Arthraxon hispidus 石荠苎 Mosla scabra 钻形紫菀 Aster subulatus 牛繁缕 Myosoton aquaticum 大狼把草 Bidens frondosa 水芹菜 Oenanthe javanica 水马齿 Callitriche stagnalis 皿果草 Omphalotrigonotis cupulifera 打碗花 Calystegia hederacea 瓶尔小草 Ophioglossum vulgatum 荠 Capsella bursa-pastoris 麦冬 Ophiopogon japonicas 碎米荠 Cardamine hirsuia 求米草 Oplismenus undulatifolius 天名精 Carpesium abrotanoides 酢浆草 Oxalis corniculata 乌蔹莓 Cayratia japonica 鸡矢藤 Paederia scandens 石胡荽 Centipeda minima 狼尾草 Pennisetum alopecuroides 卷耳 Cerastium arvense 商陆 Phytolacca acinosa 簇生卷耳 Cerastium glomeratum 半夏 Pinellia ternate 灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum 车前 Plantago asiatica 鸭跖草 Commelina communis 早熟禾 Poa annua 小蓬草 Conyza Canadensis 萹蓄 Polygonum aviculare 金鸡菊 Coreopsis drummondii 水蓼 Polygonum hydropiper 狗牙根 Cynodon dactylon 酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium 水蜈蚣 Cyperus brevifolia 杠板归 Polygonum perfoliatum 扁穗莎草 Cyperus compressus 马蓼 Polygonum persicaria 野胡萝卜 Daucus carota 棒头草 Polypogon fugax 马蹄金 Dichondra repens 飞蛾藤 Porana racemose 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis 马齿苋 Portulaca oleracea 中华鳞毛蕨 Dryopteris chinensis 雾水葛 Pouzolzia zeylanica 蛇莓 Duchesnea indica 翅果菊 Pterocypsela indica 稗 Echinochloa crusgalli 石龙芮 Ranunculus sceleratus 鳢肠 Eclipta prostrata 吉祥草 Reineckia carnea 牛筋 Eleusine indica 鹅观草 Roegneria kamoji 木贼 Equisetum hyemale 蔊菜 Rorippa indica 知风草 Eragrostis ferruginea 爵床 Rostellularia procumbens 一年蓬 Erigeron annuus 齿果酸模 Rumex dentatus 春一年蓬 Erigeron philadelphicus 羊蹄 Rumex japonicas 野黍 Eriochloa villosa 漆姑草 Sagina japonica 野芫荽 Eryngium foetidum 接骨草 Sambucus chinensis 飞扬草 Euphorbia hirta 虎耳草 Saxifraga stolonifera 地锦 Euphorbia humifusa 凹叶景天 Sedum emarginatum 斑地锦 Euphorbia maculate 四叶景天 Sedum quaternatum 高羊茅 Festuca elata 狗尾草 Setaria viridis 茴香 Foeniculum vulgare 毛梗豨莶 Siegesbeckia glabrescens 野草莓 Fragaria vesca 龙葵 Solanum nigrum 猪殃殃 Galium aparine 加拿大一枝黄花 Solidago canadensis 四叶葎 Galium bungei 苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus 野老鹳草 Geranium carolinianum 繁缕 Stellaria media 活血丹 Glechoma longituba 土人参 Talinum paniculatum 野大豆 Glycine soja 蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum 鼠麴草 Gnaphalium affine 络石 Trachelospermum jasminoides 常春藤 Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis 白三叶 Trifolium repens 泥胡菜 Hemistepta lyrata 附地菜 Trigonotis peduncularis 葎草 Humulus scandens 婆婆纳 Veronica didyma 天胡荽 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides 野豌豆 Vicia sepium 破铜钱 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides var. batrachium 蔓长春 Vinca major 抱茎苦荬菜 Ixeris sonchifolia 戟叶堇菜 Viola betonicifolia 马兰 Kalimeris indica 蔓茎堇菜 Viola diffusa 千金子 Leptochloa chinensis 黄鹌菜 Youngia japonica 宽叶母草 Lindernia nummularifolia 葱兰 Zephyranthes candida 阔叶麦冬 Liriope platyphylla
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表 3 不同生境类型中的样方数和杂草群落类型分布
Tab. 3 Distribution of plots and ruderal communities across different habitat types
生境类型 主城 副城 组团 总计 群落类型数 所占比例/% 样方数 所占比例/% 样方数 所占比例/% 样方数 所占比例/% 样方数 所占比例/% FG 82 40.0 220 29.3 128 18.1 430 25.8 80 20.1 FL 3 1.4 37 4.9 139 19.6 179 10.8 43 10.8 GA 17 8.3 78 10.4 150 21.2 245 14.7 59 14.8 LA 42 20.5 218 29.1 92 13.0 352 21.1 65 16.3 RG 11 5.4 7 0.9 38 5.4 56 3.4 33 8.3 SA 22 10.7 75 10.0 77 10.8 174 10.5 50 12.6 SG 26 12.7 100 13.3 77 10.8 203 12.2 53 13.3 TP 2 1.0 16 2.1 8 1.1 26 1.5 15 3.8 总计 205 100.0 751 100.0 709 100.0 1665 100.0 398 100.0 注: FG 森林空隙; SG 灌草丛空隙; GA 砾石型废弃地; SA 土壤型废弃地; FL 农田; LA 草坪; RG 路边缝隙; TP 树池.
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表 4 不同生境类型中杂草物种种类分布
Tab. 4 Distribution of ruderal species across different habitat types
生境类型 物种数 所占比例/% 生境类型 物种数 所占比例/% FG 147 18.0 RG 75 9.3 FL 85 10.5 SA 95 11.7 GA 107 13.2 SG 116 14.3 LA 130 16.0 TP 57 7.0 注: FG 森林空隙; SG 灌草丛空隙; GA 砾石型废弃地; SA 土壤型废弃地; FL 农田; LA 草坪; RG 路边缝隙; TP 树池.
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表 5 不同生境类型中生境因子差异
Tab. 5 Habitat factors across different habitat types
生境
因子Light/% ECP/
(mS·m–1)pH STN/% STP/% SOMC/
(g·kg–1)N∶P SC/kPa DT DI FG 0.43±0.18d 86.56±34.74c 8.13±0.65bc 0.13±0.05b 0.07±0.02b 19.98±11.41b 1.96±0.76a 1121.43±664.38c 刈割、拔除 中-弱 FL 0.78±0.18ab 91.36±27.60bc 8.28±0.57acd 0.11±0.02c 0.07±0.03bd 19.56±11.43bc 2.42±2.28ac 1122.3±600.26c 拔除 中-弱 GA 0.73±0.20b 82.49±34.42c 8.09±0.40b 0.15±0.07a 0.08±0.02a 24.29±12.46a 1.83±0.90c 1409.62±800.53b 穿行 强-中 LA 0.66±0.24c 101.36±20.04b 8.18±1.29b 0.09±0.02d 0.06±0.01cd 13.74±4.33d 1.47±0.40b 1441.47±816.07b 践踏、刈割 强-中 SA 0.82±0.15a 97.1±24.33bc 8.13±0.49bd 0.09±0.01e 0.06±0.01bd 18.25±2.17bc 1.41±0.33b 2100.3±815.50a 穿行、堆砌 中 SG 0.47±0.17d 243.49±243.55a 8.2±0.61abd 0.09±0.01e 0.06±0.01cd 18.25±2.17c 1.41±0.33b 1252.7±721.72c 践踏、刈割 中-弱 注: FG 森林空隙; FL 农田; GA 砾石型废弃地; LA 草坪; SA 土壤型废弃地; SG 灌草丛空隙; Light 光照; ECP 土壤电导率; pH 土壤酸碱度; STN 土壤总氮; STP 土壤总磷; SOMC 土壤有机质; N∶P 氮磷比; SC 土壤紧实度; DT 干扰类型; DI 干扰强度. 同一组中不同字母a、b、c、d、e表示存在显著性差异(p < 0.05).
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