A comprehensive study of mapping services in China
-
摘要: 网络地图服务已被广泛应用于日常生活中,人们使用这些服务来进行定位,查询最短路线,甚至预订酒店、打车等.因此,过去几年国内也随之出现了越来越多的地图服务提供商,如百度地图、高德地图、搜狗地图、腾讯地图、谷歌地图以及必应地图等.然而,面对如此繁多的网络地图服务,国内目前还没有关于针对用户和开发人员如何选择合适地图服务的研究成果,而国外在这方面已有不少相关工作.鉴于此,本论文针对六个主流移动地图APP和网络API展开全面的功能和性能对比,并总结性分析了国内最受青睐的三种地图API,即百度地图API,高德地图API和搜狗地图API.为读者在选择合适的地图服务时提供有价值的参考.Abstract: The mapping services have been widely used in our daily lives. People can use the services to find their nearest POI (Point of Interests), the shortest travel route from a source location to a destination location, and even life services like booking hotels, calling taxis and so on. Consequently, more and more mapping service providers have emerged in the past years in China, like Baidu Maps, Amap, Sogou Maps, Tencent Maps, Google Maps and Bing Maps. However, there is no existing study on how to select the suitable one for users/developers when they facing so many different mapping service providers. In this paper, we make thorough comparisons and experiments on mobile APPs and Web APIs of the six mapping service providers in China, and present the most three popular native mapping APIs, i.e., Baidu Maps API, Amap API and Sogou Maps API, to give readers a valuable guider for selecting their suitable mapping services.
-
Key words:
- mapping services /
- maps APP /
- mapping API /
- comprehensive study /
- Baidu Maps
-
Tab. 1 Services provided by Maps APP (last checked: April 21, 2017)
Baidu Maps Amap Sogou Maps Tencent Maps Google Maps Bing Maps iOS support √ √ √ √ √ × Android support √ √ √ √ √ × POI search √ √ √ √ √ × Route search Driving √ √ √ √ √ × Public transit √ √ √ √ √ × Bicycling √ √ × √ √ × Walking √ √ √ √ √ × Zoom in/out √ √ √ √ √ × Traffic display √ √ √ √ √ × Satellite view √ √ √ √ √ × 3D map view √ × √ √ × × Street view image √ × × √ × × Voice support √ √ √ √ √ × Offline Maps download √ √ √ √ √ × Personal setting √ √ √ √ √ × Report (e.g., traffic, wrong POI) √ √ √ × × × Tab. 2 Service response time provided by Maps APP
APP loading time
(first time)/sPOI search
response time/sRoute search
response time/sZoom in/out
response time/sBaidu Maps 5.2 2.8 3.3 0.5 Amap 7.5 2.2 2.3 0.7 Sogou Maps 9.9 3.6 3.9 2.5 Tencent Maps 9.4 8.7 4.5 1.6 Google Maps N/A N/A N/A N/A Bing Maps N/A N/A N/A N/A Tab. 3 Maps API comparisons (last checked: April 16, 2017)
Baidu Maps Amap Sogou Maps Tencent Maps Google Maps Bing Maps JavaScript API1 √ √ √ √ √ √ Static Maps API2 √ √ √ √ √ √ Street View Image API3 √ × × √ × × Android SDK4 √ √ × √ √ √ iOS SDK5 √ √ × √ √ √ Places API6 √ √ √ √ √ √ Geocoding API7 √ √ √ √ √ √ Directions API8 √ √ √ √ √ √ Distance Matrix API9 √ × × × √ √ Tab. 4 Maps loading and API response time
Web loading
time/sAndroid Web loading
time/siOS Web loading
time/sPlaces API response
time/sGeocoding API response
time/sDistance API response
time/sDirections Matrix API response
time/sBaidu Maps 1.2 1.84 1.66 0.38 0.46 0.54 2.52 Amap 1.83 2.11 1.7 0.92 1.03 0.76 N/A Sogou Maps 0.59 N/A N/A 0.86 0.73 0.79 N/A Tencent Maps 2.17 2.48 2.6 0.77 0.95 0.85 N/A Google Maps 0.92 1.88 1.93 0.43 0.58 0.39 2.58 Bing Maps 0.88 1.64 1.52 0.32 0.49 0.47 2.1 Tab. 5 Types of Baidu Maps API
Web development Common JavaScript API JavaScript API high-speed edition Web component API Android development Android map SDK Android location SDK Android navigation SDK Android panorama SDK iOS development iOS Map SDK iOS navigation SDK iOS panorama SDK Service API LBS Cloud Web Service API Static imagery API Panoramic static API Internet of vehicles API URI API Bird's Eye Tool support API console LBS cloud visualization controller Coordinate collection Map generator Map card Groupon plug-in Zero-cost switching tool Map editing tools Development sources Tab. 6 Applicability of Baidu Maps API
Applicability Coverage Browser IE 6. 0+, Firefox 3. 0+, Opera 9. 0+, Safari 3. 0+, Chrome Operating System Windows, Mac, Linux Facility Type PC, mobile phones and other mobile clients Calling Mode Online calling Place API and Place suggestion API 100 000 times/day/KEY Direction API 100 000 times/day/KEY Geocoding API 100 000 times/day Coordinate conversion API no access limit Access Times The number of concurrent users: 1 000-1 500 times/sec to calculate and according to the initial JS per second Access Frequency Search services: 800 times/sec Bus, car service: 600 times/sec Geocoding performance: 200 times/sec Bandwidth limit: full support for services (due to the small amount of API data) Coordinate conversion interface: single IP 50 times/sec (if more than 100 times, returning back to 403 error) Static imagery: independent IP 10/sec. Tab. 7 Types of Amap API
Web and server development JavaScript API Nephogram API Map component Static mapping API URI API Easy map website building Android development Android SDK Android nephogram SDK Android navigation SDK Android street view SDK Android location SDK iOS development iOS SDK iOS navigation SDK iOS nephogram SDK Map tools Coordinate collection Quick map generator Map card In the laboratory Vector web maps Indoor maps iOS street view Windows platform Windows phone SDK Tab. 8 Access limits of Amap API
Types Access limits per day/Key Access limits per 10 minutes/Key Geocoding/Reverse-geocoding 100 000 10 000 Place search 100 000 50 000 Inputting hints 100 000 50 000 Navigation 100 000 5 000 Road search 25 000 2 500 Static map 25 000 2 500 Positioning 100 000 5 000 -
[1] iiMedia Research[EB/OL]. (2014-07-20)[2017-03-19]. http://www.199it.com/archives/256990.html. [2] Aanlysys[EB/OL]. (2016-03-02)[2017-03-19]. http://www.askci.com/news/chanye/2016/03/02/154313qve2.shtml. [3] Aanlysys[EB/OL]. (2016-02-24)[2017-03-19]. http://www.cctime.com/html/2016-2-24/1140899.htm. [4] ZHANG D T, CHOW C Y, LI Q, et al. Efficient evaluation of k-NN queries using spatial mashups[C]//SSTD 2011: Advances in Spatial and Temporal Databases. 2011: 348-366. [5] ZHANG D T, CHOW C Y, LI Q, et al. SMashQ:Spatial mashup framework for k-NN queries in time-dependent road networks[J]. Distributed and Parallel Databases, 2013, 31(2):259-287. doi: 10.1007/s10619-012-7110-6 [6] ZHANG D T, CHOW C Y, LI Q, et al. A spatial mashup service for efficient evaluation of concurrent k-NN queries[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2016, 65(8):2428-2442. doi: 10.1109/TC.2015.2485215 [7] ZHANG D T, CHOW C Y, LI Q, et al. Efficient evaluation of shortest travel-time path queries in road networks by optimizing waypoints in route requests through spatial mashups[C]//APWeb 2016: Web Technologies and Applications. 2016: 104-115. [8] ZHANG D T, CHOW C Y, LIU A, et al. Efficient evaluation of shortest travel-time path queries through spatial mashups[J/OL]. GeoInformatica, (2017-01-07)[2017-03-19]. http://doi:org/10.1007/s10707-016-0288-4" target="_blank">org/10.1007/s10707-016-0288-4">http://doi:org/10.1007/s10707-016-0288-4. [9] LI Y, YIU M L. Route-saver:Leveraging route apis for accurate and efficient query processing at location-based services[J]. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge & Data Engineering, 2015, 27(1):235-249. https://www.computer.org/csdl/trans/tk/2015/01/06816049.html [10] LEVANDOSKI J J, MOKBEL M F, KHALEFA M E. Preference query evaluation over expensive attributes[C]//Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management. 2010: 319-328. [11] THOMSEN J R, YIU M L, JENSEN C S. Effiective caching of shortest paths for location-based services[C]//Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data. 2012: 313-324. [12] ProgrammableWeb[EB/OL]. [2017-03-19]. http://www.programmableweb.com/category-api. [13] SAMET H, FRUIN B C, NUTANONG S. Duking it out at the smartphone mobile app mapping api corral: Apple, Google, and the competition[C]//Proceedings of the First ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Mobile Geographic Information Systems. 2012: 41-48. [14] SAMET H, NUTANONG S, FRUIN B C. Static presentation consistency issues in smartphone mapping apps[J]. Communications of the ACM, 2016, 59(5):88-98. doi: 10.1145/2930840 [15] SAMET H, NUTANONG S, FRUIN B C. Dynamic presentation consistency issues in smartphone mapping apps[J]. Communications of the ACM, 2016, 59(9):58-67. doi: 10.1145/2991470 [16] CNNIC[EB/OL]. (2013-06-24)[2017-03-19]. http://www.199it.com/archives/126997.html. [17] ZHANG D T, WANG J A, CHEN F. Which mapping service should we select in China[C]//DASFAA 2017: Database Systems for Advanced Applications. 2017: 47-59.